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The CR	ISIS
Vol. 23-No. 1 NOVEMBER, 1921	Whole No. 133
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Turning Hard Times into Prosperous Times

The year 1921 will ever be remembered as the period of "America's Hardest Times" f lowing the World's War. Conditions would be worse than now were it not for the Hercule efforts of those determined spirits who are forcing the wheels of progress to continue to r> volve. THE SOUTHERN AID SOCIETY OF VA., INC., is proud to be numbered among thos- who are trying to keep the Door of Opportunity open. The cut below shows the new $200,000.00 four-story and basement modern fireproof building erected by the Society at 7th and Tea Streets, N W., Washington, D. C, to help turn Hard Times into Prosperous Times.

Not only does the Superior Policy of Protection, issued by the Society, keep the wolf from the door of all Southern Aid Policyholders but its policy of constructing modern office buildings, in the various cities where it operates, makes it possible for our professional and business interests to have suitable quarters — like the best had by other races — in which to display their talents and wares and to do better business. Therefore by its Insurance Policy and, as well, by its Business Policy the Society is daily helping to turn Hard Times into Prosperous Times.

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THE CRISIS

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Vol. 23-No. 1 NOVEMBER, 1921 Whole No. 133

PICTURES Page

COVER. Figure of Africa typifying "Science" in the Palais Mondial, Brussels, where the Second Pan-African Congress was held. The inscription reads : "I am the one that was, that is, and that shall be. No mortal may unveil my face."

GENERAL SORELAS 9

CRESCENT STARS' AMUSEMENT BASEBALL PARK, NEW ORLEANS. . . 19

MEN OF THE MONTH 27-28

AMERICAN NEGRO MINISTERS AT THE ECUMENICAL COUNCIL,

LONDON 33

ARTICLES

IMPRESSIONS OF THE SECOND PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS. Jessie

Fauset 12

MANIFESTO TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS 18

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MEN OF THE MONTH 26

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THE DECEMBER CRISIS

The December CRISIS will be a Christmas Number and will show by extracts from leading journals what Europe thought of the Pan-African Congress.

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THE CRISIS

Vol. 23. No. 1

NOVEMBER, 1921

Whole No. 133

[Jipiivioiv

TO THE WORLD

(Manifesto of the Second Pan- African Congress.)

HE absolute equality of races, — physical, political and so- cial— is the founding stone of world peace and human ad- vancement. No one denies great differ- ences of gift, capacity and attain- ment among individuals of all races, but the voice of science, religion and practical politics is one in denying the God-appointed existence of su- per-races, or of races naturally and inevitably and eternally inferior.

That in the vast range of time, one group should in its industrial technique, or social organization, or spiritual vision, lag a few hundred years behind another, or forge fitfully ahead, or come to differ decidedly in thought, deed and ideal, is proof of the essential richness and variety of human nature, rather than proof of the co-existence of demi-gods and apes in human form. The doctrine of racial equality does not interfere with individual liberty, rather, it ful- fils it. And of all the various cri- teria by which masses of men have in the past been prejudged and class- ified, that of the color of the skin and texture of the hair, is surely the most adventitious and idiotic.

It is the duty of the world to as- sist in every way the advance of the backward and suppressed groups of mankind. The rise of all men is a menace to no one and is the highest human ideal; it is not an altruistic benevolence, but the one road to world salvation.

For the purpose of raising such peoples to intelligence, self-knowl- edge and self-control, their intelli- gentsia of right ought to be recog- nized as the natural leaders of their groups.

The insidious and dishonorable propaganda, which, for selfish ends, so distorts and denies facts as to rep- resent the advancement and devel- opment of certain races of men as impossible and undesirable, should be met with widespread dissemina- tion of the truth. The experiment of making the Negro slave a free citi- zen in the United States is not a fail- ure ; the attempts at autonomous gov- ernment in Haiti and Liberia are not proofs of the impossibility of self- government among black men ; the experience of Spanish America does not prove that mulatto democracy will not eventually succeed there ; the aspirations of Egypt and India are not successfully to be met by sneers at the capacity of darker races.

We who resent the attempt to treat civilized men as uncivilized, and who bring in our hearts grievance upon grievance against those who lynch the untried, disfranchise the intelli- gent, deny self-government to edu- cated men, and insult the helpless, we complain ; but not simply or primari- ly for ourselves — more especially for the millions of our fellows, blood of our blood, and flesh of our flesh, who have not even what we have — the power to complain against monstrous wrong, the power to see and to know the source of our oppression.

How far the future advance of mankind will depend upon the social

(5

THE CRISIS

contact and physical intermixture of the various strains of human blood is unknown, but the demand for the interpenetration of countries and in- termingling of blood has come, in modern days, from the white race alone, and has been imposed upon brown and black folks mainly by brute force and fraud. On top of this, the resulting people of mixed race have had to endure innuendo, persecution, and insult, and the pene- trated countries have been forced in- to semi-slavery.

If it be proven that absolute world segregation by group, color or his- toric affinity is best for the future, let the white race leave the dark world and the darker races will glad- ly leave the white. But the proposi- tion is absurd. This is a world of men, of men whose likenesses far out- weigh their differences; who mutual- ly need each other in labor and thought and dream, but who can suc- cessfully have each other only on terms of equality, justice and mutual respect. They are the real and only peacemakers who work sincerely and peacefully to this end.

The beginning of wisdom in inter- racial contact is the establishment of political institutions among sup- pressed peoples. The habit of democ- racy must be made to encircle the earth. Despite the attempt to prove that its practice is the secret and di- vine gift of the few, no habit is more natural or more widely spread among primitive people, or more easily ca- pable of development among masses. Local self-government with a mini- mum of help and oversight can be established tomorrow in Asia, in Africa, in America and in the Isles of the Sea. It will in many instances need general control and guidance, but it will fail only when that guid- ance seeks ignorantly and conscious- ly its own selfish ends and not the people's liberty and good.

Surely in the 20th century of the Prince of Peace, in the millenium of

Buddha and Mahmoud, and in the mightiest Age of Human Reason, there can be found in the civilized world enough of altruism, learning and benevolence to develop native in- stitutions for the native's good, rath- er than continue to allow the major- ity of mankind to be brutalized and enslaved by ignorant and selfish agents of commercial institutions, whose one aim is profit and power for the few.

And this brings us to the crux of the matter: It is the shame of the world that today the relation between the main groups of mankind and their mutual estimate and respect is determined chiefly by the degree in which one can subject the other to its service, enslaving labor, making ignorance compulsory, uprooting ruthlessly religion and customs, and destroying government, so that the favored Few may luxuriate in the toil of the tortured Many. Science, Reli- gion and Philanthropy have thus been made the slaves of world commerce and industry, and bodies, minds, souls of Fiji and Congo, are judged almost solely by the quotations on the Bourse.

The day of such world organiza- tion is past and whatever excuse be made for it in other ages, the 20th century must come to judge men as men and not as material and labor.

The great industrial problem which has hitherto been regarded as the domestic problem of culture lands, must be viewed far more broadly, if it is ever to reach just settlement. Labor and capital in Eng- land, France and America can never solve their problem as long as a sim- ilar and vastly greater problem of poverty and injustice marks the re- lations of the whiter and darker peo- ples. It is shameful, unreligious, un- scientific and undemocratic that the estimate, which half the peoples of earth put on the other half, depends mainly on their ability to squeeze profit out of them.

OPINION

If we are coming to recognize that the great modern problem is to correct maladjustment in the distribution of wealth, it must be remembered that the basic maladjustment is in the outrageously unjust distribution of world income between the dominant and suppressed peoples; in the rape of land and raw material, and mon- opoly of technique and culture. And in this crime white labor is particeps criminis with white capital. Uncon- sciously and consciously, carelessly and deliberately, the vast power of the white labor vote in modern de- mocracies has been cajoled and flat- tered into imperialistic schemes to enslave and debauch black, brown and yellow labor, until with fatal re- tribution, they are themselves today bound and gagged and rendered im- potent by the resulting monopoly of the world's raw material in the hands of a dominant, cruel and irre- sponsible few.

And, too, just as curiously, the educated and cultured of the world, the well-born and well-bred, and even the deeply pious and philanthropic, receive their training and comfort and luxury, the ministrations of de- licate beauty and sensibility, on con- dition that they neither inquire in- to the real source of their income and the methods of distribution or interfere with the legal props which rest on a pitiful human foundation of writhing white and yellow and brown and black bodies.

We claim no perfectness of our own nor do we seek to escape the blame which of right falls on the backward for failure to advance, but noblesse oblige, and we arraign civil- ization and more especially the col- onial powers for deliberate trans- gressions of our just demands and their own better conscience.

England, with her Pax Britannica, her courts of justice, established commerce and a certain apparent re- cognition of native law and customs, has nevertheless systematically fos-

tered ignorance among the natives, has enslaved them and is still en- slaving . some of them, has usually declined even to try to train black and brown men in real self-govern- ment, to recognize civilized black folks as civilized, or to grant to col- ored colonies those rights of self- government which it freely gives to white men.

Belgium is a nation which has but recently assumed responsibility for her colonies, and has taken some steps to lift them from the worst abuses of the autocratic regime ; but she has not confirmed to the people the possession of their land and la- bor, and she shows no disposition to allow the natives any voice in their own government, or to provide for their political future. Her colonial policy is still mainly dominated by the banks and great corporations. But we are glad to learn that the present government is considering a liberal program of reform for the future.

Portugal and Spain have never drawn a legal caste line against per- sons of culture who happen to be of Negro descent. Portugal has a' hu- mane code for the natives and has be- gun their education in some regions. But, unfortunately, the industrial concessions of Portuguese Africa are almost wholly in the hands of for- eigners whom Portugal cannot or will not control, and who are ex- ploiting land and re-establishing the African slave trade.

The United States of America af- ter brutally enslaving millions of black folks suddenly emancipated them and began their education ; but it acted without system or fore- thought, throwing the freed men up- on the world penniless and landless, educating them without thorough- ness and system, and subjecting them the while to lynching, lawless- ness, discrimination, insult and slan- der, such as human beings have sel- dom endured and survived. To save

THE CRISIS

their own government, they enfran- chized the Negro and then when dan- ger passed, allowed hundreds of thousands of educated and civilized black folk to be lawlessly disfran- chised and subjected to a caste sys- tem; and, at the same time, in 1176, 1812, 1861, 1897, and 1917, they asked and allowed thousands of black men to offer up their lives as a sacrifice to the country which de- spised and despises them.

France alone of the great colonial powers has sought to place her cul- tured black citizens on a plane of absolute legal and social equality with her white and given them rep- resentation in her highest legisla- ture. In her colonies she has a wide- spread but still imperfect system of state education. This splendid be- ginning must be completed by wi- dening the political basis of her na- tive government, by restoring to the indigenes the ownership of the soil, by protecting native labor against the aggression of established capital, and by asking no man, black or white, to be a soldier unless the country gives him a voice in his own govern- ment.

The independence of Abyssinia, Liberia Haiti and San Domingo, is absolutely necessary to any sus- tained belief of the black folk in the sincerity and honesty of the white. These nations have earned the right to be free, they deserve the recogni- tion of the world ; notwithstanding all their faults and mistakes, and the fact that they are behind the most advanced civilization of the day, nev- ertheless they compare favorably with the past, and even more recent, history of most European nations, and it shames civilization that the treaty of London practically invited Italy to aggression in Abyssinia, and that free America has unjustly and cruelly seized Haiti, murdered and for a time enslaved her workmen, overthrown her free institutions by force, and has so far failed in re-

turn to give her a single bit of help, aid or sympathy.

What do those wish who see these evils of the color line and racial dis- crimination and who believe in the divine right of suppressed and back- ward peoples to learn and aspire and be free?

The Negro race through its think- ing intelligentsia is demanding :

I — The recognition of civilized men as civilized despite their race or color

II — Local self government for backward groups, deliberately rising as experience and knowledge grow to complete self government under the limitations of a . self governed world

III — Education in self knowledge, in scientific truth and in industrial technique, undivorced from the art of beauty

IV — Freedom in their own reli- gion and social customs, and with the right tc be different and non-con- formist

V — Co-operation with the rest of the world in government, indus- try and art on the basis of Justice, Freedom and Peace

VI — The ancient common owner- ship of the land and its natural fruits and defence against the un- restrained greed of invested capital

VII — The establishment under the League of Nations of an internation- al institution for the study of Negro problems

VIII — The establishment of an in- ternational section in the Labor Bur- eau of the League of Nations, charged with the protection of native labor.

The world must face two eventu- alities : either the complete assimila- tion of Africa with two or three of the great world states, with political, civil and social power and privileges absolutely equal for its black and white citizens, or the rise of a great black African state founded in Peace and Good Will, based on popular edu- cation, natural art and industry and

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GENERAL LITIS SOKZLAS

10

THE CRISIS

freedom of trade; autonomous and sovereign in its internal policy, but from its beginning a part of a great society of peoples in which it takes its place with others as co-rulers of the world.

In some such words and thoughts as these we seek to express our will and ideal, and the end of our untir- ing effort. To our aid we call all men of the Earth who love Justice and Mercy. Out of the depths we have cried unto the deaf and dumb mas- ters of the world. Out of the depths we cry to our own sleeping souls.

The answer is written in the stars.

ROBERT T. KERLIN

EADERS of The Crisis will remember the appearance a year ago of a compilation of Negro opinion gathered in a volume entitled "The Voice of the Negro." Here for the first time we had a book bringing to the white as well as the colored reader the Ne- gro's criticism, through his own press, of America's treatment of him and his race. The book contained an interesting preface by its com- piler, Prof. Robert T. Kerlin, profes- sor of English at Virginia Military Institute, Lexington, Va. Prof. Ker- lin followed this by a pamphlet on "Contemporary Negro Poetry." He might have continued his literary ef- forts undisturbed ; but the immediate wrongs of the Negro pressed upon him, and when he read of the con- demnation to death of the six Ne- groes in Arkansas concerned in the Elaine riots, he used his splendid command of English to publish an open letter to Thomas C. McRae, Governor of Arkansas, entreating the Governor to give earnest consid- eration to the sentence of the courts pronounced upon these Negroes. "Not in the history of our Republic," Prof. Kerlin said, "has a more tre- mendous responsibility before God and the civilized world devolved upon the shoulders of the chief exec-

utive of any State than has devolved upon yours in re the Negroes of Phillips County condemned to death in the electric chair and so sentenced by the courts of your State. It is a deed to be contemplated with extreme horror. In the execution of these men, a race is suffering crucifixion."

In his letter, Prof. Kerlin explains the iniquities of the peonage system and the travesty of trial given the Elaine Negroes. The letter received much publicity and was so resented by the Board of the Virginia Military Institute that Prof. Kerlin's resigna- tion was called for. Refusing to re- sign, he was thereupon dismissed by the Board, which stated that "he had rendered his further connection with the Virginia Military Institute unde- sirable."

We can not express too deeply our appreciation of Prof. Kerlin's course in sending his letter to the Governor of Arkansas, and in standing un- swervingly by his convictions in his dealings with his Board. Virginia Military Institute, designed to pro- mote courage and ardour in youth, has dismissed from its force a man displaying the finest courage the In- stitute is ever likely to see.

Only through self criticism can an individual or a nation progress. The South steadily suppresses self criti- cism and thus yearly retrogrades, showing itself more and more and more sterile. It cannot suppress a man like Mr. Kerlin, but judging from its past acts, with the Ku Klux spirit, it will drive him beyond its borders. Perhaps more than any other section of the world, the South refuses to listen to the voice that cries in the wilderness.

KU KLUX KLAN

HE white knights are on the

run. Their flowing robes no

longer present the dignified

appearance made familiar to

millions of Americans by "The Birth

OPINION

11

of A Nation." Instead they stream in ridiculous tatters. Since the New York World has described the mis- chievous and dangerous plans plot- ted behind their masks their power is ended. We have learned a great deal about their Grand Wizard and their Kleagles and we know now that the Klan is a money-making affair selling stock based on race prejudice. Congratulations to the New York World for its wonderful exposure. The part that the Association took in the exposure, the assistance that it was able to give, is told in this number under National Association notes.

"AMERICA'S MAKING"

HE part which each group has had in the development of this land will be clearly shown in "America's Making," a pageant and exhibit which will show three centuries of racial and immi- grant contributions to our national life. From October 29 to November 12, through pageants, festivities and exhibits, the gift of each race to America will be set forth. This dem- onstration is under the general su- pervision of the State Board of Edu- cation and of the City of New York.

The overhead expense is being cared for by the city and state, but each racial or national group is expected to defray the expenses of its own ex- hibit and pageants.

Negroes have been invited to par- ticipate and have had delegates at all the conferences at which the plans of the enterprise have been worked out. The committee on Ne- gro exhibit has as its chairman, James Weldon Johnson and as its secretary, Eugene Kinckle Jones.

This committee plans to have a continuous exhibit showing the con- tribution of the Negro in explora- tion, literature, art, music, invention and labor. On Thursday night, Nov- ember 10, "A Festival of Negro Mus- ic" will be staged with a chorus of several hundred voices and an or- chestra of more than fifty pieces. At this time a primer of Negro accom- plishments will be distributed. Thou- sands of people will for the first time gain direct information concerning the Negro's worth to America.

The educational value of this exhibit cannot be estimated. For a modest budget of $3000, it is believed that the committee on the Negro exhibit can provide a program which will favorably compare with any other.

.at »

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X'TJNION CONGOLAISE. BELGIUM

l.{>

IMPRESSIONS OF THE SECOND PAN-AFRICAN

CONGRESS

Jessie Fauset

HPHE dream of a Pan-African Congress ■*■ had already come true in 1919. Yet it was with hearts half-wondering, half fear- ful that we ventured to realize it afresh in 1921. So tenuous, so delicate had been its beginnings. Had the black world, although once stirred by the terrific rumblings of the Great War, relapsed into its lethargy? Then out of Africa just before it was time to cross the Atlantic came a letter, one of many, but this the most appealing word from the Egyptian Sudan: "Sir: We can- not come but we are sending you this small sum ($17.32), to help toward the expenses of the Pan-African Congress. Oh Sir, we are looking to you for we need help sorely!" So with this in mind we crossed the seas not knowing just what would be the plan of action for the Congress, for would not its members come from the four corners of the earth and must there not of necessity be a diversity of opinion, of thought, of pro- ject? But the main thing, the great thing, was that Ethiopia's sons through delegates were stretching out their hands from all over the black and yearning world.

II

'TWEEN one day, the 27th of August, we ■*■ met in London in Central Hall, under the shadow of Westminster Abbey. Many significant happenings had those cloisters looked down on, but surely on none more significant than on this group of men and women of African descent, so different in rearing and tradition and yet so similar in purpose. The rod of the common op- pressor had made them feel their own com- munity of blood, of necessity, of problem. Men from strange and diverse lands came together. We were all of us foreign- ers. South Africa was represented, the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone and Lagos, Gren- ada, the United States of America, Marti- nique, Liberia. No natives of Morocco or of East Africa came, yet men who had lived there presented and discussed their problems, British Guiana and Jamaica

were there and the men and women of African blood who were at that time resi- dent in London.

That was a wonderful meeting. I think that at first we did not realize how wonder- ful. The first day Dr. Alcindor of London and Rev. Jernagin of Washington presided; the second day Dr. DuBois and Mr. Arch- er, ex-Mayor of Battersea, London. Of necessity those first meetings had to be oc- casions for getting acquainted, for bestow- ing confidences for opening up our hearts. Native African and native Ameri- can stood side by side and said, "Brother, this is my lot; tell me what is yours!"

Mr. H. A. Hunt of Fort Valley, Ga., Mr. R. P. Sims of Bluefield, W. Va., Dr. Wilber- force Williams of Chicago, Mrs. Hart Fel- ton of Americus, Ga., Professor Hutto of Bainbridge, Ga., Rev. W. H. Jernagin of Washington, D. C, Dr. H. R. Butler of At- lanta, Mr. Nelson of Kentucky, Dr. DuBois, Mr. White, Mrs. Kelley and Miss Fauset — all these told of America. And in return Dr. Olaribigbee and Mr. Thomas of West Africa, Mr. Augusto of Lagos, Mrs. Davis of South Africa, Mr. Marryshow of Gren- ada, Mr. Norman Leys, a white English- man who knew East Africa well, Mr. Ar- nold, also white, who knew Morocco, Mr. Varma and Mr. Satkalavara of India told the tale of Africa and of other countries of which the Americans knew little or noth- ing.

We listened well. What can be more fascinating than learning at first hand that the stranger across the seas, however dif- ferent in phrase or expression, yet knows no difference of heart? We were all one family in London. What small divergences of opinion, slight suspicions, doubtful glances there may have been at first were all quickly dissipated. We felt our com- mon blood with almost unbelievable una- nimity.

Out of the flood of talk emerged real fact and purpose for the American dele- gate. First, that West Africa had prac- tically no problems concerning the expro-

12

SECOND PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

13

priation of land but had imminent some- thing else, the problem of political power and the heavy and insulting problem of segregation. The East African, on the other hand, and also the South African had no vestige of a vote (save in Natal), had been utterly despoiled of the best portions of his land, nor could he buy it back. In addition to this the East African had to consider the influx of the East Indian who might prove a friend, or might prove as harsh a taskmaster as the European de- spoiler.

Through the inter-play of speech and de- scription and idea, two propositions flashed out — one, the proposition of Mr. Augusto, a splendid, fearless speaker from Lagos, that the Pan-African Congress should ac- complish something very concrete. He urged that we start with the material in hand and advance to better things. First of all let us begin by financing the Liberian loan. Liberia is a Negro Independency al- ready founded. "Let us," pleaded Mr. Au- gusto, "lend the solid weight of the newly- conscious black world toward its develop- ment."

The other proposition was that of Mr. Marryshow, of Grenada, and of Professor Hutto of Georgia. "We must remember," both of them pointed out, "that not words but actions are needed. We must be pre- pared to put our hands in our pockets; we must make sacrifices to help each other. "Tell us what to do," said Mr. Hutto, "and the Knights of Pythias of Georgia stand ready, 80,000 strong, to do their part."

Those were fine, constructive words. Then at the last meeting we listened to the resolutions which Dr. DuBois had drawn up. Bold and glorious resolutions they were, couched in winged, unambigu- ous words. Without a single dissenting vote the members of the Congress accepted them. We clasped hands with our newly found brethren and departed, feeling that it was good to be alive and most wonder- ful to be colored. Not one of us but en- visaged in his heart the dawn of a day of new and perfect African brotherhood.

Ill 1T\ OWN to Dover we flew, up the English *-* Channel to Ostend, and thence to Brussels.

Brussels was different. How shall I ex- plain it? The city was like most other

r

large cities, alive and bustling, with its share of noise. All about us were beautiful, large buildings and commodious stores, ex- cept in the public squares where the an- cient structures, the town hall and the like, centuries old, recalled the splendor and dig- nity of other days. But over Brussels hung the shadow of monarchical government. True London is the heart of a monarchy, too, but the stranger does not feel it unless he is passing Buckingham Palace or watch- ing the London Horse Guards change.

At first it was not so noticeable.

We had been invited by Paul Otlet and Senator LaFontaine and had been helped greatly by M. Paul Panda, a native of the Belgian Congo who had been educated in Belgium. The Congress itself was held in the marvellous Palais Mondial, the World Palace situated in the Cinquantenaire Park. We could not have asked for a better set- ting. But there was a difference. In the first place, there were many more white than colored people — there are not many of us in Brussells — and it was not long be- fore we realized that their interest was deeper, more immediately significant than that of the white people we had found else- where. Many of Belgium's economic and material interests centre in Africa in the Belgian Congo. Any interference with the natives might result in an interference with the sources from which so many Belgian capitalists drew their prosperity.

After all, who were these dark strangers speaking another tongue and introducing Heaven only knew what ideas to be car- ried into the Congo? Once when speaking of the strides which colored America had made in education I suggested to M. Panda that perhaps some American colored teach- ers might be induced to visit the Congo and help with the instruction of the na- tives.

"Oh, no, no, no!" he exclaimed, and add- ed the naive explanation, "Belgium would never permit that, the colored Americans are too malins (clever)."

After we had visited the Congo Museum we were better able to understand the un- spoken determination of the Belgians to let nothing interfere with their dominion in the Congo. Such treasures! Such illimit- able riches! What a store-house it must plainly be for them. For the first time in my life I was able to envisage what Af-

14

THE CRISIS

rica means to Europe, depleted as she has become through the ages by war and fam- ine and plague. In the museum were the seeds of hundreds of edible plants; there was wood — great trunks of dense, fine- grained mahogany as thick as a man's body is wide and as long as half a New York block. Elephants' tusks gleamed, white and shapely, seven feet long from tip to base without allowing for the curve, and as broad through as a man's arm. All the wealth of the world — skins and furs, gold and copper — would seem to center in the Congo.

Nor was this all. Around us in the spa- cious rooms were the expression of an earlier but well developed art, wood-carv- ings showing beyond the shadow of a doubt the inherent artistry of the African. Dear- est of all, yet somehow least surprising to us, was the number of musical instruments. There is not a single musical instrument in the world, I would venture to say, of which the Congo cannot furnish a proto- type.

Native wealth, native art lay about us in profusion even in the museum. Small wonder that the Belgian men and women watched us with careful eyes.

The program in Brussels was naturally different from that in London. We under- took to learn something of the culture which colored people had achieved in the different parts of the world, but we hoped also to hear of actual native conditions as we had heard of them in the first confer- ence. M. Panda spoke of the general de- velopment of the Congo, Madame Sarolea of the Congolese woman. Miss Fauset told of the colored graduates in the United States and showed the pictures of the first women who had obtained the degree of Doc- tor of Philosophy. Bishop Phillips of Nashville and Bishop Hurst of Baltimore greeted the assembly. Mrs. Curtis told of Liberia, the presiding officer of the Con- ference, M. Diagne, and his white colleague M. Barthelemy from the Pas de Calais, in the French Chamber of Deputies, ably as- sisted.

Belgian officialdom was well represent- ed. General Sorelas of Spain spoke of the problem of the mixed race. Another Gen- eral, a Belgian, splendid in ribbons and orders, was on the platform, and two mem- bers of the Belgian Colonial Office were present, "unofficially."

There was no doubt but that our assem- bly was noted. A fine, fresh-faced youth from the International University gave us a welcome from students of all nations; we were invited to a reception at the Hotel de Ville (City Hall) in the ancient public square, and on the last day General Sorelas and his beautiful wife and daughters re- ceived us all in their home.

And yet the shadow of Colonial dominion governed. Always the careful Belgian eye watched and peered, the Belgian ear lis- tened. For three days we listened to pleas- ant generalities without a word of criti- cism of Colonial Governments, without a murmur of complaint of Black Africa, with- out a suggestion that this was an interna- tional Congress called to define and make intelligible the greatest set of wrongs against human beings that the modern world has known. We realized of course how delicate the Belgian situation was and how sensitive a conscience the nation had because of the atrocities of the Leopold regime. We knew the tremendous power of capital organized to exploit the Congo; but despite this we proposed before the Congress was over to voice the wrongs of Negroes temperately but clearly. We as- sumed of course that this was what Bel- gium expected, but we reckoned without our hosts in a very literal sense. Indeed as we afterward found, we were reckoning without our own presiding officer, for with- out doubt M. Diagne on account of his high position in the French Government had undoubtedly felt called on to assure the Belgian Government that no "radical" step would be taken by the Congress. He sponsored therefore a mild resolution sug- gested by the secretaries of the Palais Mondial stating that Negroes were "sus- ceptible" of education and pledging co- operation of the Pan-African Congress with the international movement in Belgium. When the London resolutions (which are published this month as our leading edi- torial), were read, M. Diagne was greatly alarmed, and our Belgian visitors were ex- cited. The American delegates were firm and for a while it looked as though the main session of the Pan-African Congress was destined to end in a rather disgraceful row. It was here, however, that the Ameri- can delegates under the leadership of Dr. DuBois, showed themselves the real mas- ters of the situation. With only formal

SECOND PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

15

and dignified protest, they allowed M. Diagne to "jam through" his resolutions and adjourn the session; but they kept their own resolutions in place before the Con- gress to come up for final consideration in Paris, and they maintained the closing of the session in Brussels in order and unity. I suppose the white world of Europe has never seen a finer example of unity and trust on the part of Negroes toward a Negro leader.

But we left Belgium in thoughtful and puzzled mood. How great was this smoth- ering power which made it impossible for men even in a scientific Congress to be frank and to express their inmost desires? Not one word, for instance, had been said during the whole Congress by Belgian white or black, or French presiding offi- cer which would lead one to suspect that Leopold and his tribe had ever been other than the Congo's tutelary angels. Appar- ently not even an improvement could be hinted at. And the few Africans who were present said nothing. But at that last meeting just before we left, a Congolese came forward and fastened the button of the Congo Union in Dr. DuBois' coat.

What lay behind that impassive face?

IV

AT last Paris! Between Brussels and the queen city of the world we saw blasted town, rav- aged village and plain, ruined in a war whose basic motif had been the rape of Africa. What should we learn of the black man in France?

Already we had realized that the black colonial's problem while the same intrinsi- cally, wore on the face of it a different as- pect from that of the black Americans. Or was it that we had learned more quickly and better than they the value of organi- zation, of frankness, of freedom of speech? We wondered then and we wonder still though Heaven knows in all humility.

But Paris at last, with its glow and its lights and its indefinable attraction!

We met in the Salle des Ingenieurs (En- gineers' Hall) in little Rue Blanche back of the Opera. Logan was there, Be.ton and Dr. Jackson, men who had worked faithfully and well for us even toetfore we had come to Paris. And around us were more strange faces — new types to us — from Senegal, from the French Congo, from

M. PAUL PANDA

Madagascar, from Annam. I looked at that sea of dark faces and my heart was moved within me. However their white overlords or their minions might plot and plan and thwart, nothing could dislodge from the minds of all of them the knowl- edge that black was at last stretching out to black, hands of hope and the promise of unity though seas and armies divided.

On the platform was, I suppose, the in- tellectual efflorescence of the Negro race. To American eyes and, according to the pa- pers, to many others, Dr. DuBois loomed first, for he had first envisaged this move- ment and many of us knew how gigantical- ly he had toiled. Then there was M. Belle-

16

THE CRISIS

garde, the Haitian minister to France and Haitian delegate to the assembly of the League of Nations. Beside him sat the grave and dignified delegate from the Liga Africana of Lisbon, Portugal, and on the other side the presiding officer, M. Diagne and his colleague, M. Candace, French dep- uty from Guadeloupe. A little to one side sat the American Rayford Logan, assist- ant secretary of the Pan- African Congress at Paris and our interpreter. His transla- tions, made off-hand without a moment's preparation, were a remarkable exhibition.

In the audience besides those faithful American delegates* who had followed us from London on, were other friends, Henry 0. Tanner, Captain and Mrs. Napoleon Marshall, who had joined us in Paris, Bishop and Mrs. Hurst, who had come back from Brussels to Paris with us, Captain and Mrs. Arthur Spingarn, white delegates from America, who had attended the cos- ferences regularly and had laughed and worked with us in between whiles.

The situation in Paris was less tense, one felt the difference between monarchy and republic. But again the American was temporarily puzzled. Even allowing for na- tural differences of training and tradition, it seemed absurd to have the floor given re- peatedly to speakers who dwelt on the glories of France and the honor of being a black Frenchman, when what we and most of those humble delegates wanted to learn was about us.

The contrast between the speakers of the Eastern and Western hemispheres with but two exceptions was most striking. Messieurs Diagne and Candace gave us fine oratory, magnificent gestures — but plati- tudes. But the speeches of Dr. DuBois, of Edward Frazier, of Walter White, of Dr. Jackson, of a young and and fiery Jamaican and of M. Bellegarde, gave facts and food for thought. The exceptions were the speeches of M. Challaye, a white member of the Society for the Defense of African Natives, and those of the grave and courtly Portuguese, Messieurs Magalhaens and Santos-Pinto.

But this audience was different from that in Brussells. To begin with, its members were mainly black and being black, had suffered. More than one man to whom the unusually autocratic presiding officer had

*A list of the delegates will be published later.

not given the right to speak said to me after hearing Dr. DuBois' exposition of the meaning and purpose of the Pan-Afri- can Congress, "Do you think I could get a chance to speak to Dr. DuBois? There is much I would tell him."

France is a colonial power but France is a republic. And so when our resolutions were presented once more to this the final session of the Pan-African Congress, that audience felt that here at last was the fear- less voicing of the long stifled desires of their hearts, here was comprehension, here was the translation of hitherto unsyllabled, unuttered prayers. The few paragraphs about capitalism M. Diagne postponed "for the consideration of the next Pan-African Congress." But the rest that yearning, groping audience accepted With their souls.

The last session of the last day was over. It was midnight and spent and happy we found our way home through the streets of Paris which never sleeps.

"V7"ET after all the real task was at Gen- ■*■ eva. The city struck us dumb at first with its beauty of sky and water — the blue and white of the September heavens above, Lake Geneva and the Rhone River gliding green and transparent under stone bridges, black and white swans, red-beaked, float- ing lazily about green baby islands, and above and beyond all in the far distance Mont Blanc rising hoary, serene and ma- jestic. In the sunset it looked like bur- nished silver.

But scant time we had for looking at that! The Assembly of the League of Na- tions was on. A thousand petitions and resolutions were in process of being pre- sented. Delegates from many nations were here and men of international name and fame were presiding. How were we to gain audience?

Fortunately for us Dr. DuBois' name and reputation proved the open sesame. He had not been in the city two hours before invitations and requests for interviews poured in. One of our staunchest helpers was an English woman, Lady Cecelia, wife of that Mr. Roberts who had worked with Montague in India. She presided at meals at a long table in the dining room of the Hotel des Families and here Dr. DuBois was made a welcome guest throughout his whole stay. Here came to meet and con-

SECOND PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

17

fer with him on our cause Mr. Roberts himself, Mr. Lief-Jones, M.P., Professor Gilbert Murray (representing South Afri- ca at the Assembly of the League of Na- tions), and John H. Harris of the Anti- Slavery and Aborigines' Protection Society. M. Bellegarde, Haitian Minister to France and delegate to the Assembly, was also at that hotel and gave us generously of his aid and assistance.

On Monday night, September 13, Dr. Du- Bois addressed the English Club of Geneva and conveyed to them some idea of what the black world was thinking, feeling and doing with regard to the Negro problem. I am sure that many of that group of peo- ple, thinkers and students though they were, had never dreamed before that there might even be a black point of view. But they took their instruction bravely and afterwards thanked Dr. DuBois with shin- ing eyes and warm hand clasps.

Besides meeting and conferring with these distinguished personages Dr. DuBois had luncheon conferences with Rene. Clapa- rede of the executive committee of the So- ciete Internationale pour la Protection des Indigenes and with William Rappard, head of the Mandates Commission of the League of Nations, a dinner conference with G. Spiller, former secretary of the Races Con- gress, and an interview with Albert Thomas, head of the International Bureau of Labor.

At the end of a week of steady driving, by dint of interviewing, of copying, of translating, of recopying, we were ready to present and did present to Sir Eric Drum- mond, secretary of the League of Nations, a copy in French and English of the reso- lutions entitled To The World (see page 5) and of the manifesto (see page 18). Mr. Thomas and M. Rappard who both heartily endorsed the appointment of a "man of Negro descent" to the Mandates Commission, Professor Gilbert Murray, and IvI. Bellegarde also received copies.

And between whiles we listened to the world striving to right its wrongs at the Assembly of the League of Nations.

Of course we were at a disadvantage be- cause America, not being in the League of Nations, had no delegate. But Professor Murray suggested to M. Bellegarde, the Haitian delegate, that he state the second resolution (see manifesto) during the de- bate on Mandates. This he did, as Pro-

fessor Murray writes us, with "quite re- markable success" and "I think that next year it may be quite suitable to put it down as a resolution."

VI

T* ESULTS are hard to define. But I must •**■ strive to point out a few. First then, out of these two preliminary conferences of 1919 and 1921, a definite organization has been evolved, to be known as the Pan-Af- rican Congress. There will be more of this in these pages. Naturally working with people from all over the world, with the necessity for using at least two languages, with the limited detailed knowledge which the black foreigner is permitted to get of Africa and with the pressure brought to bear on many Africans to prevent them from frank speech — action must be slow and very careful. It will take years for an institution of this sort to function. But it is on its own feet now and the burden no longer is on black America. It must stand or fall by its own merits.

We have gained proof that organization on our part arrests the attention of the world. We had no need to seek publicity. If we had wanted to we could not have es- caped it. The press was with us always. The white world is feverishly anxious to know of our thoughts, our hopes, our dreams. Organization is our strongest weapon.

It was especially arresting to notice that the Pan-African Congress and the Assem- bly of the League of Nations differed not a whit in essential methods. Neither at- tempted a hard and fast program. Lum- bering and slow were the wheels of both activities. There had to be much talk, many explanations, an infinity of time and patience and then talk again. Neither the wrongs of Africa nor of the world, can be righted in a day nor in a decade. We can only make beginnings.

The most important result was our reali- zation that there is an immensity of work ahead of all of us. We have got to learn everything — facts about Africa, the differ- ence between her colonial governments, one foreign language at least (French or Spanish), new points of view, generosity of ideal and of act. All the possibilities of all black men are needed to weld together

18

THE CRISIS

the blade men of the world against the day when black and white meet to do battle. God grant that when that day comes we

shall be so powerful that the enemy will say, "But behold! these men are our broth- ers."

MANIFESTO TO THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

rT',HE second Pan-African Congress which ■*- met in London, Brussels and Paris, August 28, 29 and 31 and September 2, 3, 5 and 6, represented 26 different groups of people of Negro descent: namely, British Nigeria, Gold Coast and Sierra Leone; the Egyptian Sudan, British East Africa, for- mer German East Africa; French Senegal, the French Congo and Madagascar; Bel- gian Congo; Portuguese St. Thome, Angola and Mozambique; Liberia; Abyssinia; Haiti; British Jamaica and Grenada; French Martinique and Guadeloupe; Brit- ish Guiana; the United States of America, Negroes resident in England, France, Bel- gium and Portugal, and fraternal visitors from India, Morocco, the Philippines and Annam.

The Congress adopted two sets of reso- lutions differing somewhat in detail but essentially identical. The first set of reso- lutions (adopted unanimously at London) is presented in its original English text; the second set (discussed at Brussels and adopted unanimously at Paris) is presented in its original French text.

The Congress directed its executive of- ficers to approach the League of Nations with three earnest requests, believing that the greatest international body in the world must sooner or later turn its attention to the great racial problem as it today affects persons of Negro descent.

First: The second Pan-African Con- gress asks that in the International Bureau of Labor a section be set aside to deal par- ticularly and in detail with the conditions and needs of native Negro labor especially in Africa and in the Islands of the Sea. It is the earnest belief of the Congress that the labor problems of the world ean- not be understood or properly settled so long as colored and especially Negro labor is enslaved and neglected, and that a first step toward the world emancipation of la-

bor would be through investigation of na- tive labor.

Secondly: The second Pan- African Con- gress wishes to suggest that the spirit of the modern world moves toward self-gov- ernment as the ultimate aim of all men and nations and that consequently the mandated areas, being peopled as they are so largely by black folk, have a right to ask that a man of Negro descent, proper- ly fitted in character and training, be ap- pointed a member of the Mandates Com- mission so soon as a vacancy occurs.

Thirdly and finally: The second Pan- African Congress desires most earnestly and emphatically to ask the good offices and careful attention of the League of Nations to the condition of civilized persons of Ne- gro descent throughout the world. Con- sciously and unconsciously, there is in the world today a widespread and growing feeling that it is permissible to treat civ- ilized men as uncivilized if they are col- ored and more especially of Negro descent. The result of this attitude and many conse- quent laws, customs and conventions is that a bitter feeling of resentment, per- sonal insult and despair is widespread in the world among those very persons whose rise is the hope of the Negro race.

We are fully aware that the League of Nations has little if any direct power to adjust these matters, but it has the vast moral power of world public opinion and of a body conceived to promote peace and justice among men. For this reason we ask and urge that the League of Nations take a firm stand on the absolute equality of races and that it suggest to the Colo- nial Powers connected with the League of Nations the forming of an International Institute for the study of the Negro Prob- lems, and for the Evolution and Protection of the Negro Race.

W. E. BURGHARDT DUBOIS,

Geneva, September 15, 1921. Secretary.

19

A NEW ORLEANS BASEBALL PARK

WALLACE C. MARINE

^"EGROES in New Orleans have de- ■*■ ~ veloped a liking for picnics, fairs and baseball games. For these amusements they were compelled to use the Fair Grounds, which is owned and controlled by white people. The owners charged the col- ored people enormous prices for rental, and would not permit them to rent the grounds on holidays, and seldom on Sundays.

This state of affairs became aggravated when a committee of colored men planned an affair for July 4. They succeeded in renting the grounds, paying the required deposit, and began their advertising. When, however, the owners realized that they had inadvertently rented the grounds to col- ored people for July 4, they revoked the privilege, and only through the services of a lawyer were the Negroes given satisfac- tion.

Mr. Wallace C. Marine, thereupon, began

a search for suitable grounds which col- ored people could own, control and oper- ate. Having succeeded in this step, he ap- proached the Honorable 'Mr. Walter L. Cohen, a Negro, who assisted not only with his broad experience, but also with his influence with the city authorities.

A Board of Directors was formed, con- sisting of fourteen men, each of whom bought at least $1,000 worth of stock. Mr. Wallace C. Marine was elected president; Mr. F. V. Fauria, treasurer, and Mr. C. C. Dejoie, secretary. Other members of the Board of Directors are: Messrs. Walter L. Cohen, Dr. P. H. V. Dejoie, Albert Work- man, Bernard Delpit, Arthur P. Bedou, A. J. Bigard, Joseph W. Elliott, Edward E. Woodruff, George Andre, Arnold Dufour- chard, Edwin Fauria, Walter Bemiss and Dr. F. T. Jones.

After a capital stock of $25,000 had been subscribed by the members of the Board of Directors, the common stock was opened to the public, and $45,000 was subscribed, the shares being $50 each.

The ground has been named The Crescent Stars' Amusement Baseball Park. The site is situated in the Seventh Ward, which is better known as the downtown or Creole District — "Faubourg Treme." It is four squares from St. Bernard Boulevard, which is one of the prettiest thoroughfares in New Orleans.

The Park was planned and built by Ne- groes. It has a baseball diamond, a grand- stand, a dancing pavillion and booths for re- freshments. The Crescent Stars' Baseball Club, of -which Mr. Marine is the Manager, is ajgreat attraction. The park has a seat- ing capacity of 4,000 and can be rented at any time for a nominal sum.

New Orleans, therefore, can well boast of her amusement place which is owned, controlled and operated solely by Negroes.

This enterprise is but one of the many indications of the new spirit which is grad- ually invading one of the most conserva- tive Negro communities of the world.

20

National • Ass ociaiion • for • ike • • • Advancement o/*- Colored- People.

mi- of*

THE 24THlINFANTRYlPRISONERS;i

ON Wednesday, September 28, a delega- tion of 30 leading colored men and women, headed by James Weldon Johnson, Secretary of the N. A. A. C. P., had an audience with President Harding and pre- sented a petition, signed by 50,000 persons, asking for the pardon of the 01 soldiers of the 24th Infantry who are confined in Leav- enworth as a result of rioting in Houston, Texas, in August, 1917.

In the delegation with Mr. Johnson, or lending their names to it, were the Hon. NJMr. Archibald Grimke, president of the Washington Branch; Major R. R. Moton, principal of Tuskegee Institute; R. S. Abbott, editor of the Chicago Defender; Emmett J. Scott, special assistant to the Secretary of War during the World War; Prof. George W. Cook and Kelly Miller, of Howard University; Robert R. Church, col- ored Republican leader in Tennessee; Dr. Charles E. Bentley, of Chicago; Miss Nan- nie H. Burroughs; Mrs. Mary B. Talbert, honorary president of the National Asso- ciation of Colored Women's Clubs; Mrs. Mary Church Terrell; Mrs. Alice Dunbar Nelson, Harry JL Pace, John Hope, the Hon. Mr. J. C. Asbury, , member Pennsylva- nia Legislature; Harry E. Davis, member of the Ohio Legislature; Drs. William H. Washington and W. W. Wolfe, of Newark, N. J.; the Rev. Mr. R. H. Singleton, of At- lanta, Ga.; James A. Cobb, counsel for the N. A. A. C. P., and John R. Hawkins, finan- cial secretary of th¥"AT1VTrT^~Church.

Mr. Johnson in presenting the petition said:

As Secretary of the National Associa- tion for the Advancement of Colored Peo- ple, and spokesman for this delegation, composed of persons and representatives of bodies deeply concerned for America's good name, I have the honor to present a petition signed by 50,000 American citi- zens, white and black, praying that you exercise executive clemency, and pardon the 61 members of the 24th U. S. Infantry now in the Federal Prison at Leavenworth, Kansas, convicted on charges of rioting at Houston, Texas, in August, 1917.

We are a delegation representing the 50,000 signers of this petition which we have the honor to lay before you, and we come not only as a representative of those who signed tne petition, but we are spokes- men of the sentiments of the ten millions or more of Negro citizens of the United States.

The petition, you will note, asks for their pardon on three grounds: first, the previ- ous record for discipline, service and sol- dierly conduct of the 24th Infantry; second, the provocation of local animosity which manifested itself in insults, threats and acts of violence against colored soldiers; third, the heavy punishment meted out to members of the 24th Infantry of whom 19 were hanged, 13 of them summarily and without right of appeal to the Secretary of War or to the President, their Com- mander-in-Chief. This wholesale, unprece- dented and almost clandestine execution shocked the entire country and appeared to the colored people to savor of vengeance rather than justice. Sixty-one members of the 24th Infantry are still in prison serv- ing life and long time sentences.

Contrary to all precedent, the provost guard of this colored regiment had been disarmed in a state and in a city where in- sult was the colored United States soldier's daily experience. Following a long series of humiliating and harassing incidents, one soldier was brutally beaten and a well be- loved non-commissioned officer of the regi- ment was fired upon because they had in- tervened in the mistreatment of a colored woman by local policemen. The report spread among the regiment that their non- commissioned officer, Corporal Baltimore, had been killed. Whatever acts may have been committed by these men were not the result of any premeditated design. The men were goaded to sudden and frenzied action. This is borne out by the long rec- ord of orderly and soldierly conduct on the part of this regiment throughout its whole history up to that time.

Moreover, although white citizens of Houston were involved in these riots and the regiment to which these men belonged was officered entirely by white men, none but Negroes, so far as we have been able to learn, have ever been prosecuted or punished. In consequence, the wholesale punishment meted out to these colored sol- diers of their country bore the aspect of a visitation upon their color rather than upon their crime. The attention of colored peo- ple throughout the United States will be

21

22

THE CRISIS

focussed upon the action which it may please you to take.

In consideration, therefore, of the almost five years already served in prison by the 61 men and of the foregoing facts, and be- cause of the long record for bravery, dis- cipline and soldierly conduct of this partic- ular regiment, and in the name of the stead- fast loyalty of the American Negro in every crisis of the nation, we bespeak your at- tention to the petition which we beg here- with to present to you.

The President promised to review the testimony in the cases of the soldiers and to take the request made in this important pe- tition under advisement. Mr. Johnson also made reference to the gratification of the colored people that the government through two channels was investigating the nefar- ious Ku Klux Klan.

FIGHTING TREASON

HP HE treason which consists of commer- •*• cialized race hatred and masquerades as Americanism has found a dangerous an- tagonist in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. For more than a year the Association has fought the Ku Klux Klan with the weapons of pub- licity and fact-telling, until such a power- ful engine in moulding pubKc opinion as the New York World became convinced of the necessity of taking up the fight. The ex- pose in the World has torn the last rag of secrecy off the Klan's mummery and it is shown to be the lowest and vilest sort of money-making scheme conducted by those who are ready to play upon prejudices of any and every sort for their own advan- tage. This expose travelled the length and breadth of the United States, being reprint- ed in dozens of powerful newspapers.

Even before the election of 1920, in which the Ku Klux Klan attempted to intimidate colored voters, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People was endeavoring to obtain facts about these bed-sheet heroes. An officer of the Asso- ciation discovered, when he was invited to join the Klan under the mistaken impres- sion that he was a white man, that the Klan intended to organize in New York City. The attention of the New York Po- lice Department, the Mayor and the Dis- trict Attorney was at once called to this menace and both the Mayor and the Dis- trict Attorney assured the people of New York that the Klan would not be permitted within the city's limits. Subsequently, the

Association's attention was called to the fact that the Klan was using an address in New York in an attempt to recruit mem- bers. This information was given not only to the city officials but to the New York World, and the Klan's representative was traced to the Army and Navy Club in New York.

Meanwhile, through press stories sent broadcast throughout the country, by mass meetings and magazine articles, the Asso- ciation was making known the true nature of the Klan. So well and so thoroughly was this work done that the Searchlight, published in Atlanta as the organ of the Klan, called the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People its most dangerous foe; and denunciation of the Klan began to be heard not only from the pulpit but in the editorial columns of the most reputable white southern newspapers. Among the agencies which denounced the Klan in the South were the inter-racial com- mittees, churches and the United Daughters of the Confederacy in Virginia.

In September, 1921, the New York World, after an exhaustive investigation, began a series of twenty articles upon the Ku Klux Klan. Not only was it shown that the Klan was attempting to suppress the Ne- gro, but it was also exposed as spreading anti-Catholic propaganda of a most viru- lent character, and propaganda creating prejudice against Japanese and Jews. The Klan was shown to be bound by un-Ameri- can oaths of obedience and fealty to an "im- perial wizard" and its connection was es- tablished with the profitable sale of regalia. To the World, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People had the privilege of contributing information which was publicly acknowledged in the World's articles. The National Association two months before the articles began to ap- pear had placed its Ku Klux Klan files at the disposal of a representative of the World. Lists of the atrocities attributed to the Ku Klux Klan were published in the World, and public acknowledgment by the Klan of its responsibility in a number of cases.

The personal lives of the leaders of the Klan, who pretended to be leading in a cam- paign for moral purity, were laid bare and the World published the fact that two of the leaders of the Klan had been arrested in a disorderly house in Atlanta and fined,

N. A. A. C. P.

23

one of those arrested being the chief woman in the Klan.

To such an extent was the National As- sociation for the Advancement of Colored People useful in exposing the Klan, that the Klan actually attempted to employ a traitorous colored man to create dissen- sion in the Association's ranks. A former Klansman, C. Anderson Wright, writing in the New York American, of September 16, spoke of this dastardly attempt as follows:

Another subject of serious discussion was the realization that the power of the Negro society, known as the Society for the Ad- vancement of Colored people, was becoming a great menace in the expansion of the Ku Klux Klan, as it was continually giving to the press publicity on the Klan's under- handed methods. This society was getting active in State Legislative work, having already succeeded in having introduced by a Negro legislator from Chicago, a bill de- nouncing the Klan in the Illinois Legisla- ture. This bill was passed. It made an appeal to the citizens of Illinois to refrain from joining or associating in any manner with the Ku Klux Klan.

This activity on the part of the Negro, in the judgment of Clarke, warranted prompt action, and it was decided to set up a rival organization to the Society for the Advancement of Colored People without de- lay. Clarke began with a Negro in his own employ, a man of unusual intelligence, who was in charge of the servants on his farm on the outskirts of Atlanta. This servant enlisted the services of other Negroes as spies, and they attended the meetings of the society and reported everything that was said and done. Also, these spies sought to create dissatisfaction and discord among the members of the society.

It is, therefore, established, practically conclusively, that the Klan has actually been driven to employ spies to try to cre- ate dissension in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. The Association is gratified at the Klan's lack of success and feels this attention on the part of the Klan to be a tribute to its ef- fectiveness in fighting the Ku Klux Klan's treason to the principles upon which the American State rests.

Following the exposure of the Ku Klux Klan's hypocrisy and treason, the National Association appealed to President Harding in a telegram urging his endorsement of a complete Federal investigation of the Klan's activities and Congressional action should that prove necessary. At about that time, Attorney General Daugherty ordered the Department of Justice to make

a report on the Klan, and William J. Burns, head of the Federal secret service, turned over such a report to President Harding.

THE ARKANSAS CASES

HP HE fight still goes on in the Arkansas ■*■ cases. The six men condemned to be executed in September are still alive.

An appeal to the Governor for reprieve was unsuccessful. Then our attorneys ap- plied for a writ of certiorari to act as a stay to the execution. On learning that the writ of certiorari could not be obtained in time to stop the execution, as the judges of the Federal Court would not be in Wash- ington until after the date of execution, application was made for a writ of habeas corpus. This was granted and made re- turnable Monday, September 26.

On Tuesday, September 27, a telegram was received, stating that the writ was sus- tained and that the execution was stayed.

Evidence is now in hand which should have large weight towards securing the freedom of the prisoners who are yet to come to trial and which will favorably af- fect the fate of those already condemned. The other cases will be tried in Marianna, Ark., in the near future. This will be the first opportunity to use the new evidence. The Association is leaving no stone un- turned in its efforts to secure justice for these men.

We urgently appeal for contributions to the Arkansas Defense Fund to meet this critical moment in the defense of these in- nocent men.

CERTIFICATE MEMBERSHIP DRIVE

A T the Atlanta Conference it was voted *■*> that an attorney be employed by the Association who should give his whole time to its work. It was thought that such an arrangement, supplementing the voluntary service of the Legal Committee of the As- sociation, would make very much more ef- fective the legal work done by our Asso- ciation.

At the Detroit Conference it was voted that as soon as the Association found it- self able, it should employ regional secre- taries in order that intensive work might be done towards organization in all sections of the country.

The Association so far has found itself unable to carry out these recommendations and also unable to do many other things

24

THE CRISIS

that it would like to enter upon because of lack of funds. One dollar from its mem- bers will not furnish sufficient revenue to do the work which needs to be done. It has not been our good fortune to secure many bequests from our well-to-do citi- zens, but we hope that the habit of remem- bering the Association in bequests may soon be established. Over 90 percent of our support comes from colored people, and it is well that this should be so; but most of these are One Dollar members. It is because One Dollar a year will not furnish sufficient means, that the branches are now being urged to conduct some time in October or November a one-week Certificate Mem- bership Drive. In every branch there are persons whose means are such that they should donate each year to the Association $25, $50, $100, or more. Almost every member in all our branches can. without undue sacrifice, become either a Gold or a Blue Certificate member. The Gold Certifi- cate at $10 a year means the spending of less than 20c per week for the work of se- curing justice for our group. The Blue Certificate at $5 a year means spending less than 10c per week for this end. None of our members is so poor that he can- not afford, if he would, 20c or 10c a week. This is very little to pay for liberty.

One Dollar members may become Gold or Blue Certificate members by paying $9 or $4, respectively. It is hoped that every branch will enter this one-week intensive campaign. The pioneer in this idea is our branch at Florence, S. C, in which a large proportion of the members are certificate members.

The one-week intensive drive is to be con- ducted primarily within the branch. Let every branch take as its motto: One Hun- dred Percent Certificate Membership!

DRIVE OF THE N. A. A. C. P.

WE have had many queries concerning the final drive report. We are here- with printing it. At the same time we wish to congratulate the branches on the splen- did work they did under the very adverse circumstances produced by the economic de- pression.

It will be of interest to review at the same time the previous drives of the Asso- ciation. Moorfield Storey Drive (1918), new

membership gained . » 26,916

1919 Drive 22,875

1920 (no drive held)

1921 Driver- New members gained.. 44,200 New branches organized 37 Branches over 1,000

members now 13

Branches over 1,000 members before the Drive 3

Branches over 500 mem- bers now 18

Branches over 500 mem- bers before the Drive 7 Receipts

Receipts from the Drive $28,243.53

Disbursements

Printing $1,668.84

Buttons 822.92

Salaries 996.46

Postage 600.00

$6,284.11 Sales of buttons and lit- erature 1,360.12

Net disbursements $ 4,923.99

Net receipts from the

Drive $23,319.54

THE CASE OF HARLEM HOSPITAL

HARLEM HOSPITAL is one of the units under the control of Bellevue and Allied Hospitals' Association — the mu- nicipal hospital organization of New York City.

Harlem has 150,000 colored people, and the hospital from its location is fitted to serve their needs.

But there have been so many rumors and statements of alleged graft, mistreat- ment and neglect of colored patients in Harlem Hospital that the colored residents prefer to go to any other hospital in the city. It is significant that the 109th Street Hospital states that twenty per cent, of their total admissions are colored, and that eighty per cent, of these are from Harlem. The Presbyterian and St. Luke's Hospitals also have an unusually large percentage of colored admissions. These are all out of the colored district. In spite of their de- sire to go elsewhere, nearly half of the patients of the Harlem Hospital are col- ored.

In January, Mr. Cosmo O'Neil, the Su- perintendent of Harlem Hospital, who had been notably fair in his attitude towards colored people and who had placed colored physicians on the hospital staff, was de- moted to a clerical position in Bellevue.

N. A. A. C. P„

25

Alderman George W. Harris, deeming it necessary to have a friend of the colored people at Bellevue, and feeling that the demotion was not the result of any incom- petency, took up the matter with Mayor Hylan, seeking the reinstatement of Mr. O'Neil. At this time, it was thought well to bring up the matter of the treatment of colored patients at Harlem Hospital and to seek a remedy.

Mr. Harris, Dr. Allen B. Graves, At- torney Morton, and Mr. Walter F. White, assistant secretary of the N. A. A. C. P., formed a committee representing the col- ored citizens who sought to reinstate the superintendent, but without success. After meeting with the Board, who pushed aside their requests, the committee then brought before the Mayor a mass of data they had collected concerning alleged graft, mis- treatment and shameless neglect of colored patients.

The Mayor appointed Commissioner of Accounts Hirschfield to hear the complaints, and the defense. Five hearings in all were held. A mass of evidence was produced in the form of sworn affidavits and personal witnesses, charging the hospital authorities with grave offenses against colored pa- tients.

The committee averred that these condi- tions only could be remedied by the pres- ence of colored members on the Medical and Surgical Board of Harlem Hospital, and made as its minimum demand that there be appointed two such members, and that visiting physicians with the full rights of the hospital and visiting surgeons with full rights to the hospital be appointed.

Commissioner Hirshfield had the hos- pital records of January and February ex- amined, and when he learned from them that forty-six per cent, of all admissions were colored, he stated that it was but fair that colored people have representation on the Board.

Much publicity was given the hearings through the reports in the New York News, the Harlem Home News, and the New York Tribune.

As a result of the pressure occasioned by the publicity given to the work of the

colored committee, the consultants of the American Hospital Association are alleged to have offered, aftpr the second hearing, to secure a $2,000,000 Negro hospital if the matter would be dropped.

The committee is reported to have re- plied that they were interested in procuring the rights of colored patients, nurses, doc- tors and surgeons in a municipal hospital, and not in securing a segregated institu- tion. During the fight the original com- mittee was in close touch with the North Harlem Medical Association, the organiza- tion of colored doctors, surgeons, dentists and pharmacists, who fully endorsed their fight and employed a special investigator and two attorneys to help in the matter. Mr. William N. Colson was employed as in- vestigator and Mr. Aiken Pope and Mr. Ferdinand Morton as counsellors. All of these did excellent work.

It was made clear that the crux of the whole question is the admission of colored nurses and internes. The strong objection — it is alleged — is based on the necessary social intermingling this would entail.

The entire matter is not yet settled, but there have been certain important imme- diate results.

1. Bellevue and Allied Hospital Boards, together with the local board of Har- lem Hospital, now clearly realize that colored physicians are determined to fight for their full rights.

2. Two physicals who were in the Medi- cal Out-patient Department have been

transferred to the Surgical Out-patient Department — a promotion. These are Dr. Louis T. Wright and Dr. Douglass Johnson. Two other physicians have been appointed in the Medical Out-pa- tient Department — Dr. P. M. Murray and Dr. Ralph Young.

3. Two others have been permitted to work in the hospital, Dr. Ernest Alexander in the Skin Department and Dr. Vernon Ayer in the X-Ray Department.

4 Colored Red Cross nurses have been per- mitted to work.

5. The hospital also has promised to admit colored nurses.

AVen of (he Month

ON October 1, 1888, during the adminis- tration of Lord Sackville West, Charles Fleurence Meline Browne entered the serv- ice of the Chancery of the British Embassy. He has served as a messenger and clerical assistant through the administrations of Lord Paunceforte, Sir Michael Herbert, Sir Mortimer Durand, Viscount Bryce, Sir Cecil A. Spring-Rice, Lord Reading, Sir Ed- ward Grey and the present incumbent, Sir Auckland Geddes, a period of 33 years.

The Order of the British Empire was cre- ated by King George in 1917 and is one of the most popular medals given by the Crown. Mr. Browne is the first Negro, and one of the few persons in the United States, to be awarded this medal.

Mr. Browne was born in Washington, D. C, December 24, 1871. He studied in the public schools of the District of Columbia and was graduated from the law school of Howard University in 1898.

THE late Dr. Samuel John Ross was president of the College of West Africa, Liberia. He was born in British Guiana, South America, September 19, 1880. In 1902 he came to the United States and entered Lincoln University, where he was given the degrees of Bachelor of Arts and Bache- lor of Divinity in 1907. He was president and valedictorian of his class and the win- ner of three gold medals for oratory. In 1908 he matriculated at the College of Phy- sicians and Surgeons, in Chicago, and was graduated in 1912 with honors.

In 1913 Dr. Ross married Miss Pearl F. Thomasson, of Chicago, and during the year they sailed for Porto Rico, where Dr. Ross did interne work at Yauco. He practiced medicine in the United States from 1915-'18; then he was appointed Medical Missionary to Liberia by the Board of Foreign Missions of the Methodist Episcopal Church. Under his administration the College of West Af- rica grew from an enrollment of 250 to 356. In collaboration with Mrs. Ross, a Y. W. C. A., a Y. M. C. A., and an athletic association were established, being the first of their kind in Liberia.

unteer social service worker in New Jer- sey and New York City. Mrs. Gregory was born in Washington, D. C, 44 years ago, being the daughter of Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Brooks. She served as a clerk to the super- vising principal of the 13th District schools and was for several years a supervisor of first year work in the public schools of Washington. She married Attorney Eugene M. Gregory, a graduate of Harvard Uni- versity and a member of the Bar of New Jersey and New York.

Among Mrs. Gregory's activities in New Jersey were the offices of vice-president of the Newark Branch of the National Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Colored Peo- ple, and chairman of the executive board of the New Jersey Federation of Colored Wom- en's Clubs; in New York City she was Su- perintendent of the Working Girls' Home and the Colored Mission of the Diocesan Auxiliary of the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, and a director of the Music School Settlement.

A scholarship in memory of Mrs. Greg- ory is to be established at the Manual Training and Industrial School for Colored Youth at Bordentown, N. J., by the Fed- eration of Colored Women's Clubs.

A URELIO EDUARDO BERMUDEZ was -*■*- born in the Province of Colon, August 1, 1893. He joined the police force when fourteen years of age, being the youngest member of that body, and became attached to the Bureau of Investigation. He is known as the only finger-print expert in Central America.

In 1912 Mr. Bermudez was appointed Chief of the Investigation Bureau of the City of Colon, with the rank of Sub-Lieuten- ant. Through Colonel Albert Lamb, In- spector General of the Police Force, he was promoted to the rank of Lieutenant, last October. In January of this year he was appointed Captain of the Investigation De- partment of the Republic, being the first and only Negro Captain on the Isthmus.

'HE late Mrs. Musette Brooks Gregory of Newark, N. J., was a prominent vol-

Tj^IFTY years ago, David Jonathan Phil- A lips was born in Jamaica. After a pub- lic school education, he studied at Calabar College and the Pharmacy School of the

26

CHARLES F. M. BROWNE AURELIO E. BERMUDEZ

DR. DAVID J. PHILLIPS THE LATE DR. SAMUEL J. ROSS THE LATE MRS. MUSETTE B. GREGORY

27

28

THE CRISIS

Dr. Darrington Weaver Dr, Harvey A. Murray Dr. T. E, Stevens

Dr. Douglas B. Johnson

Public Hospital, in Kingston, and was ap- pointed resident dispenser at the Falmouth Public Hospital. After three years he re- signed from Government service and estab- lished the Midland Dispensary, at Ulster Spring. He came to the United States and enrolled, in 1894, at the Medical Chirugical College of Philadelphia, from which he was graduated in 1898, as the winner of the Spencer Morris Special Prize of $100 for the best examination in medical jurisprudence and toxicology. He passed the Pennsylva- nia Medical State Board Examination, mak- ing the highest average recorded up to that time. Then he studied in Canada, where he was graduated from the Medical School of the University of Bishop's College, tak- ing with first honors the degrees of M.D., CM. Later, in London, he passed the ex- amination of the Royal College of Surgeons and Physicians, and was awarded the de- grees of M.R.C.S. (England), and L.R.C.P. (London). He has served as assistant phy- sician at the Royal South London Opthalmic Hospital and as an assistant at the Royal Victoria Nose and Throat Hospital. In 1917 he was elected a member of the City Council of Kingston.

While in Philadelphia, Dr. Phillips was resident physician at the Frederick Doug- lass Memorial Hospital and chairman of the Board of Trustees of Zion Baptist Church. He was a founder of the Banneker Building and Loan Society, and is still its president.

TN St. Louis, Mo., Dr. Darrington Weaver * received the appointment of City Post- Mortem Physician, at a salary of $5,000 per year. Dr. Weaver was born in Hearne, Texas, December 31, 1889. He was gradu- ated from Meharry Medical College in 1914.

A MEMBER of the Board of Health at ■^ *- Wilmington, Del., is Dr. Harvey Al- len Murray, who is also a member of the staff of the Babies' Hospital and Day Nurs- ery. Dr. Murray was born in Wilmington, November 8, 1891. He is a graduate of the Medical School of Howard University, 1913.

"pvR. T. E. STEVENS was born in Tus- *-r kegee, Ala., in 1880. In 1905 he was graduated from Meharry Medical College. In Tennessee, he has served as a member of the Board of Health, at Jellico, and of the Board of Aldermen, at Cleveland.

TN 1914 Dr. Douglas B. Johnson was grad- •*• uated from the University of Vermont, College of Medicine. He passed the Vir- ginia State Board, making the highest aver- age among 75 contestants. Dr. Johnson was born February 19, 1888, in Petersburg, Va., where he was one of the founders of the William A. Crowder Memorial Hospi- tal. He served as a Lieutenant in the Med- ical Corps of the United States Army, both in America and abroad. Dr. Johnson is a member of the Visiting Staff of the Har- lem Hospital Out-Patient Department, in New York City.

^he Lookiiva Glass

LITERATURE My Race

MY life were lost, if I should keep A hope-forlorn and gloomy face, And brood upon my ills, and weep And mourn the travail of my race.

Who are my brothers? Only those Who were my own complexion swart? Ah no, but all through whom there flows The blood-stream of a manly art.

Wherever the light of dreams is shed, And faith and love to toil are bound, There will I stay to break my bread, For there my kinsmen will be found.

Leslie Pinckney Hill, in his "Wings of Oppression."

* * *

Lyman Abbott writes in The Independent of Booker T. Washington:

Only once did I ever know him to "let himself go." This was at the graduating exercises at Hampton Institute. He and I spoke on that occasion on the same plat- form. The senior class certainly — if my memory serves me right, all the Institute students — were gathered on this platform, wnile the visitors, mostly white, were seat- ed upon the floor of the great building. The speaker's task was a difficult one. He had to stand at one side between the two audiences and play the part of Mr. "Facing- Both-Ways." Mr. Washington turned first toward one, then toward the other, of the two audiences as he spoke. He appealed to the members of his race to secure the re- spect of their white neighbors, not by de- manding it, but by deserving it. In an elo- quent appeal to their self-respect and an eloquent portrait of what the race had done since emancipation to justify self-respect he swung himself around as on a pivot and, speaking with unaccustomed vehemence to the white portion of his audience, cried out: "I tell you, we are as proud of our race as you are of yours." It was like a flash from a before silent and supposedly unloaded gun. How the Negroes on the platform cheered him!

* * *

America's Making News tells of the piece of art to be exhibited by Meta Warrick Ful- ler at the coming exposition, "America's Making."

Mrs. Fuller is now at work on a commis- sion given by the Negro Group. She is designing a statue which will be in the cen- tre of the Negro exhibit, showing a female figure emerging from the wrappings of a

mummy with hands upraised, symbolizing the seif-emancipation of that race from ignorance into educated, self-reliant citi- zens and makers of America. This statue is being modelled at the artist's Boston studio and will be life size.

Mrs. Fuller is a pupil of Rodin and was educated at the Philadelphia Academy of Fine Arts.

FAR FLUNG PROPAGANDA

EVEN Denmark has been penetrated by anti-American Negro propaganda. The "Birth of a Nation" has lifted up its ugly lying head in Copenhagen. Fortunately for us Edward Franklin Frazier, who is now studying at the University of Copenhagen, was there to protest and to publish the main facts of Reconstruction in the Copen- hagen Politiken. The editor says:

Mr. Frazier protests against the histori- cal presentation in Griffith's Film.

A young American student of Negro de- scent, Mr. E. F. Frazier, who holds here a fellowship of the American Scandinavian Foundation (Niels-Poulsen Foundation), has sent us the following:

I write the following criticism of the film, "The Birth of a Nation," merely in the defense of truth. The film might be allowed to pass as any other piece of fiction lacking realism but for its pretense of historical substantiation and its veiled attack upon a righteous cause and the race that benefitted by the triumph of that cause.

After the recent World War the South, fearing that the Negroes because of their part in the struggle would thereafter re- sist lynching and disfranchisement, at- tempted to revive the infamous Ku Klux Klan. Even in the Southern States the idea of a secret organization dispensing justice was opposed by some citizens. In the city of New York the police were or- dered to treat the members of the Ku Klux Klan as other criminals. In spite of this opposition an attempt was made to popu- larize the Klan through the most powerful educative force in America — the moving picture. Where the picture was shown, riots generally resulted not only because of the resentment on the part of Negroes but also because of the infuriated ignorant whites. The picture is barred from some cities while in other cities it is only per- mitted to be shown after the more objec- tionable parts have been deleted. Wonder- ful as a piece of photography but lacking real artistic setting, this picture has come to Europe to poison the minds of unsus- pecting Europeans.

29

30

THE CRISIS

The most serious indictment against the picture is that it falsifies history and glori- fies the most notorious band of criminals in American history. Congressional inves- tigations proved that the Ku Klux Klan was a dangerous band of criminals bent on mur- dering not only innocent Negroes but also conscientious whites, who sought to erect political institutions on the ruins of the slave oligarchy. Nowhere can one find either in written records or tradition the crimes charged in the picture against Ne- groes during the Reconstruction. Negroes never dominated the legislature of any state during the Reconstruction Period. Only once and then for only two years in the Lower House in South Carolina did the Negroes outnumber the whites; the ratio being 3:2 and not as the picture charges more than 5:1. Laws permitting inter- marriage could not have been passed by Negroes even then, for the whites always had an overwhelming majority in the Up- per Chamber. The picture does not show the fact that Negroes established the first free public school system in the South. Nor do we find in it the fact that suffrage — re- stricted— was not granted the Negroes un- til the South passed the infamous Black Code which re-enslaved the Negro by such subterfuges as: A Negro found without suitable employment shall be hired prefer- ably to his former master for his board and lodging; and a Negro impudent to a white by word or gesture is guilty of a misdemeanor and shall be returned to his master on the same terms.

Griffith's other play was barred, I under- stand, because it gave offense to Germany. But, alas! the Negro is the defenseless victim of lies and can only appeal to the conscience of mankind. I address these re- marks to the good people of Copenhagen because the world has suffered so much by ignoring the mandate of the Man who said nearly 2,000 years ago: "Ye shall know the truth and the truth shall make you free."

FROM BRUSSELS

THE Belgian L'Exportateur Beige writes of the sessions of the Pan- African Con- gress held in Brussels. Rayford Logan translates :

After contributing with their well-known courage and self-sacrifice to the operations of war that finally assured once more the maintenance of threatened civilization, the Negroes, fighting in the ranks of the vari- ous allied armies, began to reflect in the different parts of Europe where they were in contact with a way of living and of or- ganizing life totally unfamiliar to them, and said to one another, that it would per- haps be well to study, in their turn, the means of creating a mode of living similar to that in Europe and at the same time of qualifying themselves to fulfill, like the whites, certain functions and to occupy cer-

tain positions in order to free themselves from foreign tutelage.

Such was the basic idea of a first Pan- African Congress held in Paris in 1919 and presided over by M. Diagne, the French Deputy from Senegal and High Commis- sioner of the Black Senegalese Troops. There were present at these meetings dele- gates from all of the black races scattered over the globe. The great majority of the delegates came, however, from America where there are at present 12 millions of Negroes emancipated 60 years ago who, aided by the United States, have continued to work out their intellectual, economic and political emancipation. There are several financial institutions in America, founded and run by Negroes, and the fortune of the blacks in the United States is estimated at 5 billions. A similar development has taken place in the intellectual and educational fields. Negroes have created over there, al- ways under the aegis of. the state, schools and even a university attended only by members of their own race so that today the American Negroes have really accom- plished appreciable progress.

These colored men, to use a current ex- pression, who came from different parts of the world, and who found themselves dur- ing the war, when all rushed to the defense of a sacred cause, finally felt the desire to found a native organization — that is to say, they asked themselves what, after all, was their original country, and if they should not lay claim to it and show that by their efforts to emancipate themselves, they had conquered the right to aspire to the obtain- ment of positions and functions which they had not been, as it were, "allowed to occu- ply up to the present time.

This original country, according to them, is Africa. Hence this Pan-African Con- gress which at the time of its first session in Paris revealed the means of civilization and of emancipation possessed by these col- ored men.

The movement is very interesting to study. Those who are engrossed with the question of the future and the evolution of a race that was formerly rather badly treated and — as History tells us — for a long time held in the bonds of slavery are beginning to have that idea.

The promoters of the first Congress are planning to hold a second session in Brus- sels.

CONCERNING MOB VIOLENCE

rT,HE Indianapolis News of Indiana tells ■*■ us:

One cannot read the papers even in the most casual way without being impressed and shocked by the growing popularity of lynch law in this country. Whether the vic- tim is driven from his home, whipped, tarred and feathered, burned at the stake or hanged, the act is, in essence, lynching—

THE LOOKING GLASS

31

though perhaps not technically so. For it is the execution of a sentence passed by those who have no right to pass it, and the "law" enforced is nothing more than the will or whim of those who set themselves up as the guardians of what is supposed — by the guardians — to be the public welfare.

* * *

To which the Rochester, N. Y., Herald adds:

Racial rancor and anciently implanted antipathies are not peculiar to any section or limited by climatic or political bounda- ries, if recent happenings are to be taken as evidence. Even the rockribbed conserva- tism of New England seems not to be proof against the lynching fever when the neces sary incentive is applied.

* * *

The Buffalo, N. Y., Evening Times gives us the following thoughts on mob violence, and points out the way to stop it.

The "authorities" in the various com- munities seem to be paralyzed with fright or incapacity, and indeed in some instances -show a disposition entirely in sympathy with the mobs.

The thing is getting to be a fashion. Cus- tom soon becomes law. It is a serious sit- uation; but it raises a question still more serious, — are we degenerating as a people, or are we merely showing ourselves in our true colors? The war has torn the masks from many nations. Is its influence divest- ing us of a masquerade?

Whether these queries are answered in the affirmative or the negative, one thing is certain — this wave of lawlessness could, and can, be stopped forthwith by those who have been sworn to uphold the law. If the President of the United States were to is- sue a proclamation denouncing "lynch law" and directing the Attorney General's De- partment to pursue and punish with merci- less severity within the Federal jurisdic- tion every person convicted of participation in such outrages, and if the President would further appeal to the Governors of the vari- ous States to follow his example with simi- lar proclamations and directions to the District Attorneys of all counties in the different Commonwealths, the cowardly and dastardly "lynching parties" would in- stantly seek cover after the fashion of such gregarious assassins.

* * *

Through the Herald, of Erie, Pa., we learn :

Massachusetts and Tennessee, a northern and a southern state, have just been fur- nishing commendable illustrations of how to prevent lynching. They have both dem- onstrated that mob violence cannot prevail where the constituted authorities are pos- sessed of the moral courage and the will to suppress it.

Barnstable and Knoxville were fortunate in the possession of resolute officials at a

time when courage and resolution were most needed. In the Massachusetts case the mob displayed the usual mob character- istics and cowered when it saw itself op- posed by armed authority. At Knoxville a little blood-letting was found necessary, but the mob did not stand for much of it and has probably learned its lesson.

Promptness and energy in the suppres- sion of lawlessness is always effective. In- decision and a disposition to compromise with the mob spirit always encourages vio- lence.

Knoxville and Barnstable have furnished two excellent examples of law enforcement which will have the unqualified approval of all who believe in American ideals.

* * *

Further, we read in the Cincinnati, Ohio, Commercial Tribune, these encouraging words:

In the matter of lynch law and mob exe- cution in protection of women from the menace of brutish baseness there has just been given an expression by southern wom- en that is at once illuminating and inspir- ing. The emanation is in form of a state- ment issued from a special section of the Georgia State Committee on Inter-Racial Co-operation. The membership of this sec- tion, it is stated, is composed entirely of southern women. The statement reads:

We believe that no falser appeal can be made to southern manhood than that mob violence is necessary for the protection of womanhood, or that the brutal practice of lynching and burning human beings is an expression of chivalry. We believe that these methods are no protection to anything or anybody, but that they jeopardize eveiry right and every security that we possess.

That is a preachment in behalf of orderly observance of law founded on a principle that, adhered to as here set forth, cannot but bring about rigorous, righteous enforce- ment of law. It is an appeal from lawless- ness to law, from the specious argument of curing violence by violence of the sound argument of insuring immunity under law by referring all crimes and misdemeanors to adjudication through law.

This may be womanly intuition of which we are wont to prate. It is essentially wo- manly intelligence sensing right which alone is cure for wrong.

* * *

The Brooklyn, N. Y., Eagle, observes: It is a pleasure to note that women as women, even Georgia women, are tired of what has camouflaged the lynching ter- ror for half a century.

Former Governor Hugh Dorsey, whose manly attack on Judge Lynch was univer- sally applauded by right-thinking persons, seemed to have been beaten down by the reactionaries when Hardwick became Gov- ernor and the executive policy was changed. But this new development gives fresh illus- tration to the proposition that right conduct

32

THE CRISIS

and true speaking are never without per- manent effect, no matter how unpopular for the moment. The State of Georgia will be brought close to Dorsey's position if these energetic women keep up their work. And to the material industrial interests of Georgia no greater service can be done than the establishment of fair play to the Negroes, on whose skilled and unskilled labor the State must long depend.

THE VOTE

TN the Call of New York, we read:

*• We have had occasion the past year or two to call attention to the changing po- litical conditions of the South as a result of the increasing importance of capitalist production in that section. We have point- ed out that the Republican party has been gradually dumping its Negro traditions to win the support of the southern oligarchy. Today the views of the party as formulated by Lincoln, Sumner and Seward have been practically repudiated. If these men were to return today they would find a rapidly increasing coalition of the Republican party with the southern ruling class and that the terms of the coalition are the sacrifice of the Negro. Over his prostrate body the ruling classes of two sections make peace.

A dispatch to the Evening Post from Richmond, Va., shows that the bargain is being consummated. It is agreed by the Republicans of that state that they are to be a "white man's party." More significant still is the statement: "It is understood that this innovation meets with entire ap- proval at Washington." This means that the bargain with southern Democrats has the approval of the national Republican lead- ers. Negro Republicans were barred from the Republican Club of Richmond by the police when they sought to participate in the election of delegates to the state con- vention.

"In exchange for the loss of its Negro auxiliaries," we read, "the Republicans in Virginia have gained the support of many men of influence and wealth." Among these are railroad presidents, bankers, cap- italists and business men of R:chmond, Nor- folk, Lynchburg and other cities. In short, the Republican aggregation is admitted to be a consolidation of capitalist wealth and power. It is to maintain an unwritten agreement with the Democratic party for the complete exclusion of the Neqro from elections. The agreement frees the ruling class of Virginia from dependence upon one political machine.

One congressional district has been car- ried by the Republicans for a number of years and the Republican vote has been growinsr in other districts. The Republi- can national committee has already taken steps to eliminate the Neerro from its coun- cils and Republican conventions with the expectation that a "lily white" Republican party will increase in power in the South.

All this follows the marked economic

changes of the last half century which are slowly transforming the South into an im- age of the capitalist North. It indicates the sweep of capitalist production to the Gulf. The old political traditions of Lin- coln and other early leaders of the Repub- lican party are being abandoned and the bargain consists of the complete social, eco- nomic and political degradation of the Ne- gro workers of the South. It also carries with it a similar degradation for many hundreds of thousands of white workers who are excluded from the franchise by various exception laws.

The last semblance of difference between both political parties in national politics is being wiped out. Capitalism is national and its parties at last become national in scope. The Negro Republican leaders who have led masses of Negroes to their be- trayal are themselves being kicked in the face for their treachery. A final chapter in the orientation of the two-party machine of capitalism is being written for the in- struction of the working class of all colors and degrees of economic servitude.

THE SOUTH AND "MR."

T N an article in The Christian States- ■*• man, the Hon. Bolton Smith of Memphis, Tenn., has this to say:

The white people in every locality of the South should get in close touch with the conservative local Neerro leaders. They should grant all possible requests coming; from them for the improvement of the schools and living conditions of their peo- ple and for their protection in person and property. Such leaders should be en- couraged to speak with frankness to local white leaders of the conditions of which their people complain and fault sh •ild not readily be found with them for w? it they may say to their own people. If v?q think them mistaken we should reason with them, not threaten them. If they are not avowed a certain freedom in their intercourse with their people, we cannot expect them to have influence with them. We must begi" to show, in our address to the Negro lead- ers for whom we feel respect, some of that respect we should show to the most or- dinary members of our own race. A Negro leader of standing and character is enti- tled to be addressed as Mr., and his wife as Mrs., for in our own tongue we have no other title of respect. We do it now in cor- respondence and I believe we must do it in speech. This will be difficult to many of us, but I can see no other course if we hope to maintain relations of genuine sym- pathy with these leaders. This is the only civilized country in the world in which all Negroes — high and low — are addressed alike. In other lands it has been the ef- fort to so treat the Negro leader that he would side with the white man's gov- ernment. The difficulty of our problem has been increased by our failure to do this,

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33

COMPILED

ALLISON

MUSIC AND ART

STUDENTS of Myrtilla Miner Normal School, Washington, D. C, have pre- sented a pageant, "The Beckoning Spirit," which depicts the history of their school. The work was under the direction of J. Francis Gregory of the English Depart- ment.

<J Granville L. Stewart, tenor, Louie V. Jones, violinist, and William S. Lawrence, pianist-accompanist, have been making a tour of towns in Nova Scotia. Numbers that have particularly pleased their audi- ences are "Reflection," taken from Dunbai by William S. Lawrence; "Rising Sun," by R. Nathaniel Dett; and Negro "Spirituals,' by H. T. Burleigh.

G Elmer C. Bartlett has given an organ recital at First A. M. E. Church, Los Ange- les, Cal. His program included works o Bach, Coleridge-Taylor, Guilmant, Dubois and Horatio Parker.

C Mayor Hylan's Committee on City Mu- sic, in New York City, included the Ne- gro in its presentations. The 15th Regi- ment Band and Revella E. Hughes, soprano, rendered numbers, among which were Tchaikowsky's "1812," Arditi's "Ah Won- drous Morn" and "II Bacio," and Coleridge Taylor's "Explanation." d Mamie Smith, the colored "jazz" singer for phonograph records, has filled a 3-day engagement at the Regent Theatre, Balti- more, Md., where she was paid $1,000 per day.

EDUCATION

rT*HE Atlanta School of Social Service is ■*■ conducting its 2nd session at Morehouse College. Courses lead to secretaryships of associated charities, anti-tuberculosis asso- ciations and Urban Leagues; probation and attendance officers; recreation directors and welfare workers in churches, Y. M. C. A.'s, Y. W. C. A.'s and industries. Ct Mildred D. Brown, a colored girl in Jer- sey City, N. J., has entered Lincoln High

School at the age of eleven. (I Colored high school students in Brook- lyn, N. Y., have organized the Alpha Chi Sigma Fraternity in the interest of higher scholarship. William A. Hunton, Jr., is the secretary.

(I Governor Hyde has released $100,000 for the erection of a dormitory at Lincoln University, Jefferson City, Mo. ([ The State Board of Education has voted to discontinue secondary work at West Vir- ginia Collegiate Institute. Units of work now include colleges of education, engineer- ing, agriculture, industrial education, arts, science, home economics and business ad- ministration. Messrs. F. C. Sumner, Ph.D., psychology; A. P. Hamblin, B.S., biology; and E. L. Kelly, B.S., home economics, have been added to the faculty. The president is John W. Davis.

C At the University of Chicago, H. Coun- cill Trenholm has been awarded the de- gree of Bachelor of Philosophy with hon- ors. He is a member of the Alphi Phi Alpha Fraternity. Mr. Trenholm will teach at the State Normal School in Montgomery, Ala., this year.

G. Meta L. Christy, a colored girl of Koko- mo, Ind., has received the degree of Doc- tor of Osteopathy from the Philadelphia College and Hospital for Osteopathy. (I Walter L. Smith has been appointed to succeed Garnet G. Wilkinson as principal of Dunbar High School in Washington, D. C. Mr. Smith is a graduate of Howard University. He has been a teacher in Washington since 1902. ([ Prof. Roscoe C. Bruce, formerly Assist- ant Superintendent of Colored Schools, in Washington, D. C, has accepted the po- sition of Rural Supervisor of Schools in Huntington, W. Va. His salary is $3,000 a year.

(I Fort Dearborn Hospital and Training School for Nurses has been opened in Chi- cago, 111. Negroes may enter for nurse training and interneship.

34

THE HORIZON

35

C. Since the beginning of the present school session, 15 rural school houses have been opened for Negroes in Tennessee. Julius Rosenwald contributed $50,000 toward fi- nancing this work.

C. The Colored High School at Lynchburg, Va., opened this term with a Negro faculty. Many former students, who had dropped out while white teachers were in charge, have re-enrolled.

d John W. Lee has been awarded a scholar- ship at the University of Pennsylvania. G. By making Grade A average, Charles H. Houston, a Negro law student at Har- vard University, has automatically become one of the editors of the Harvard Law Re- view. His average, 75 percent, is the high- est ever made by a colored law student. C Estella Lovett has been appointed As- sistant Principal at the Booker T. Wash- ington School in Kansas City, Mo. Miss Lovett was formerly Girls' Work Secretary at the Paseo Branch of the Y. W. C. A. C In Washington, D. C, the Dunbar High School opened this year with an enrollment of 1,267 as against 1,120 last year; the Armstrong Manual Training School reports an enrollment of 731, an increase of 242; at the Shaw Junior High School there are 319 students as compared with 215 on open- ing day last year.

(I Charles Chandler, a Negro student in the Yale University Law School, has been ap- pointed a contributing editor of the Yale Law Journal.

MEETINGS

/"VVER 8,000 people were in attendance ^^ at the National Baptist Convention, Inc., which was held in Chicago. Dr. E. C. Morris, of Little Rock, Ark., was re-elected president. The Rev. Mr. L. G. Jordan re- signed the secretaryship, after 26 years' service. He was made secretary emeritus with a salary of $1,200 per year and a purse of $2,500. Dr. J. E. East, a returned mis- sionary from Africa, was elected to suc- ceed Mr. Jordan. The financial report shows $323,860 raised during the year. Dr. Morris denounced the plan of northern white Baptists to set up regional organiza- tions among Negroes.

C The Lott-Carey Foreign Mission Conven- tion and the Women's Auxiliary have been held in Newark, N. J. The sum of $38,000 was raised for work in Africa, South Amer- ica and Haiti. Dr. C. S. Brown and Mrs.

J. H. Randolph, of Richmond, Va., are pres- idents of the convention and the auxiliary. d More than 300 delegates attended the 8th triennial convention of St. Joseph's Aid Society, which convened in Jersey City, N. J. The organization has 100,000 mem- bers and property valued at $100,000; its cash balance is $50,000. Dr. Thomas H. B. Walker, of Jacksonville, Fla., is president. C Four thousand people attended the Bap- tist Convention, unincorporated, which was held in New Orleans, with Dr. E. P. Jones presiding. Dr. R. H. Boyd, corresponding secretary of the National Baptist Publish- ing Board, reported that more than $225,- 000 had been collected by the Board. With the addition of the National Baptist Theo- logical Seminary and Training School at Nashville, worth $250,000, the publishing plant is valued at $750,000.

INDUSTRY

fT,HE Square Deal Realty & Loan Com- ■■■ pany, a Negro enterprise in Kansas City, Mo., is conducting departments in real estate, insurance, mortgage loans and home building. Its capital of $250,000 is fully paid and non-assessable. It is paying quar- terly dividends of 8 percent. Samuel R. Hopkins is president.

C At Buffalo, N. Y., the Haitian-African Coffee Company, a Negro concern, owns a 4-story building where colored people are employed in roasting and blending coffee. G Mr. R. S. Cobb, secretary of the Missouri Negro Industrial Commission, has published a bulletin on housing and health conditions in Missouri.

(I A Negro clerk in the Jersey City, N. J., Post Office, Robert Evans, has been pro- moted to the position of statistician. C Among employees in the Department of Finance of Jersey City, N. J., are the fol- lowing Negroes: James Tate and Clarence Jones, rent inspectors; Gilbert Brown, jit- ney inspector, and Louis Faulkner, deputy sheriff.

(I In Akron, Ohio, Norman Kerr is a sten- ographer in the Engineer's Office, being the first Negro clerk in this office. C Zora E. O. Tinsley, a blind Negro in Muskogee, Okla., owns 45 miles of tele- phone service. He has 49 subscribers who pay from $2.50 to $3.50 per month. Mr. Tinsley does his own line work, repairs in- struments and makes installations. (I Fourteen years ago, Charles Copper, a

36

THE CRISIS

Negro, entered the Civil Service of Chicago, 111., as a junior clerk. He now holds a position in the Division of Pipe Yards and Stores, with 17 clerks, 13 of whom are white, under his charge. CI Up to April 30, 1921, the colored Berry & Ross Manufacturing Company, in New York City, made a net sale of $37,312; it paid to its colored workers, $14,560. G The report of the Laborers' Penny Sav- ings and Loan Company, in Waycross, Ga., shows that during the fiscal year ending August 31, 1921, the paid-in capital had increased from $28,811 to $47,463; deposits, from $68,318 to $97,060; total resources, from $107,705 to $149,677. The bank owns $16,025 worth of real estate, $7,301 in stock and Liberty Bonds, and has no bills pay- able. A dividend of 8 percent was declared. The officers are: Carlton W. Gains, presi- dent; Dr. H. C. Scarlett, vice-president; J. C. McGraw, treasurer; and O. R. Harper, cashier.

G William A. Cornelius, a Negro in New York City, has been appointed to a clerk- ship in the Office of the Collector of In- ternal Revenue. His salary is $1,600 per year.

G In the City Tax Office in Philadelphia, Pa., there are 2 colored deputy delinquent tax collectors, 2 deputy collectors, 7 senior grade clerks and 2 janitors.

CRIME

HP HE following lynchings have taken ■*■ place since our last record:

Aiken, S. C, September 8, Mansfield Butler, shot; attacking woman.

Aiken, S. C, September 8, Charlie Thompson, shot; attacking woman.

Columbia, La., September 13, Gilman Holmes, burned; attacking ticket agent.

Pittsboro, N. C, September 18, Ernest Daniels, hanged; attacking woman.

McComb, Miss., September 19, Edward McDowell.

POLITICS

^"EGROES have for the first time been -*-^ appointed to the Hudson County, N. J., Board of Election. The appointees are Mrs. Florence Jerome, Mrs. Rosa Frazier, Miss M. Goldsborough, Mrs. Ella Barksdale Brown, Dr. G. Warren Hooper, C. Bion Jones and Alderwin Thomas. G In the primary election in Baltimore, two Negro Republicans won nomination as

delegates to the Maryland Legislature. The nominees are Attorney Arthur E. Briscoe, who has served a clerkship in the Legisla- ture, and David Robinson, a business man. Each candidate was fourth on his district list, with 1,148 and 1,700 votes, respec- tively.

G Amos W. Scott, a Negro in Philadelphia, won Republican nomination for City Magis- trate.

G In the primary election in New York City, two Negro members of the Board of Aldermen — Dr. Charles H. Roberts and George W. Harris, were re-nominated. G Negroes in Louisville, Ky., have organ- ized the Lincoln Independent Party. A full city and county ticket, with the exception of the judiciary, will be put into the field.

FRATERNITIES

IN Jacksonville, Fla., the Progressive Order of Men and Women has held its first Grand Congress. The Order, which was organized 10 years ago, has a member- ship of 1,500. Dr. H. W. James, Dr. John E. Ford and Professor N. W. Collier are officials, and the Hon. Mr. George E. Tay- lor is general organizer. Among measures adopted by the Congress is the erection of a $100,000 temple.

G Masons in Indianapolis, Ind., have laid the cornerstone of a $100,000 temple. G The mortgage on the Masonic Temple in Jacksonville, Fla., has been burned. The temple is valued at $500,000. Mr. O. D. Powell is Grand Master.

NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE

HPHIRTEEN meetings to promote health ■*■ educational plans were held last month for ministers, physicians and leaders of public thought in Chicago by the Chicago Urban League. Dr. Ralph B. Stewart, of the United States Public Health Service, and Franklin O. Nichols, of the American Social Hygiene Association, were the speak- ers.

G T. Arnold Hill, Executive Secretary of the Chicago Urban League, is serving as a member of the Executive Committee of the Unemployment Conference formed to han- dle unemployment in that city. G Through the Armstrong Association of Philadelphia, affiliated with the National Urban League, an athletic director for girls at the Durham Public School has been ap- pointed. Besides her athletic work with

THE HORIZON

37

girls during the period allotted for recrea- tion, she is developing self-governing clubs. C The Home and School Vistors, formerly employed by the Armstrong Association as a demonstration of the possibilities of school visiting, have been taken over by the public school system — thus justifying the experiment of the Armstrong Association. (I In the neighborhood of one public school in Philadelphia, which has about 1,400 col- ored pupils, the work of a Home and School Vistor has resulted in the establishment of one of the best equipped day nurseries in Philadelphia, the Harrison Day Nursery. It has accommodations for 70 children. (T The Mayor's Unemployment Committee of New York City has as one of its mem- bers, James H. Hubert, Executive Secre- tary of the New York Urban League. C The "Fellows" appointed by the Nation- al Urban League for the school year 1921- 22 are: T. Lloyd Hickman, graduate of Denison University, assigned to the New York School of Social Work; Miss Kather- ine B. Watts, graduate of Fisk University, assigned to the New York School of Social Work; and Miss Myrtle D. Hull, graduate of Spelman Seminary, assigned to the School of Economics of the University of Pittsburgh.

C The Annual Conference of the National Urban League was held in Chicago, October 19 to 22. Among subjects discussed were unemployment, the Negro migrant, plans for recording and interpreting statistics as a basis for practical social effort, industrial relations and co-operation between the races.

(I The Department of Research and Inves- tigations of the National Urban League, of which Charles S. Johnson is the director, has completed a social survey of the Ne- groes in Flushing, L. I., and is now at work on a similar study in Hartford, Conn. It is working under the immediate auspices of the Mayor's Americanization Commit- tee.

(I As a result of the child hygiene work which is being done in Newark, N. J., by three colored nurses appointed through the efforts of the New Jersey Urban League, Dr. Julius Levy, Director of the Bureau of Child Hygiene, reports that infant mortal- ity among colored babies for the first six months of 1921 was 106 per 1,000 births, while for 1920 it was 173 per 1,000 births,

and for 1919 it was 171 per 1,000 births. This is a reduction in one year of 67 points. C Dr. George E. Haynes was appointed a member of President Harding's Unemploy- ment Conference, following protests of the National Urban League and its branches against the omission of Negro representa- tion. Dr. Haynes was assigned special work with the Committee on Community Civic and Emergency Measures in dealing with unemployment. Col. Arthur Woods, of New York, is chairman of this commit- tee.

SOCIAL PROGRESS

THE Reconnaissance Francaise, a bronze medal, has been awarded to Dr. Har- riet A. Rice by the French Government for services in the French military hospitals during the world war. Dr. Rice is a Negro graduate of Wellesley College and of the Women's Medical College of New York. G Victor R. Daly has been appointed to the staff of the Journal of Negro History, in Washington, D. C, as business manager. Mr. Daly is a graduate of Cornell. He served as a Lieutenant in the 367 "Buffalo" Regiment.

C Mrs. E. D. Cannaday, a colored woman of Portland, Ore., has been admitted to the Bar. She recently pleaded a case in Judge Morrow's court and won her action. C New York City has its first Negro detec- tive sergeant, in the person of Wesley Red- ding. Mr. Redding has been connected with the Police Department 18 months. C A tablet in memory of Hayward Shep- pard is to be erected in Harper's Ferry, W. Va., by the Daughters of the Confed- eracy. Mr. Sheppard, a Negro porter, was the first person killed in the raid of John Brown.

(I The price of business property which Dr. Charles E. Herriot purchased in St. Louis, Mo., is $30,000 instead of $80,000. C Mr. C. G. Williams, of Booneville, has been appointed Inspector of Negro Schools in Missouri.

C The 25th anniversary of the Northeast- ern Federation of Colored Women's Clubs has been celebrated in Baltimore, Md. Miss Elizabeth Carter, of New Bedford, Mass., is president.

(I In the national tennis championship meet, Tally Holmes, of Washington, D. C, won in men's singles, defeating Dr. O. B. Wil- liams, of Chicago. The scores were 6 — 4,

38

THE CRISIS

9 — 7, 6 — 3. In the women's singles, Miss Lucy Slowe, of Washington, D. C, defeated Miss Isadore Channels, of Chicago. Tally Holmes and Sylvester Smith were victors in the finals of the men's doubles. The mixed doubles championship went to Miss Esther Hawkins and Harold Freeman. Ted Thompson won the national junior title. d Miss Bessie Coleman, a colored woman of Chicago, 111., has become a certified avia- trix, after a course in aviation at the Con- drau School in France. (L Charles S. Gilpin, the Negro star in Eu- gene O'Neill's "The Emperor Jones," has been received in private audience by Presi- dent Harding.

G At its recent session in Milwaukee, Wis., the Army and Navy Union elected John E. Smith, a Negro of Washington, D. C, as national historian. The vote was 149-17. C John H. Pride, a Negro in Elizabeth, N. J., is the winner of the 50 target mer- chandise event of the Duane Gun Club. Mr. Pride broke 49 clay birds out of a pos- sible 50; he had two competitors trying for second honors, with 47. In a 100 target match, Mr. Pride broke 97 birds. (T Samuel A. Barnett has been awarded a verdict of $100 against the Philadelphia Confectionery Company of Hackensack, N. J., for discrimination.

C Earl Johnson, a Negro athlete, of Brad- dock, Pa., won the Masonic marathon race in Detroit. He finished 22% miles in 2 hours, 17 minutes and one-fifth of a second. (I Frank R. Willis, a Negro poultryman, won the Grand Championship at the Ken- tucky State Fair, defeating 3,850 fowls of all breeds for the honor. C The "Committee of One Hundred" to en- tertain visitors to the conference on the Limitation of Armament, to be held in Washington, D. C, has the following Ne- gro members: Messrs. Emmett J. Scott,

D. W. Wiseman, W. L. Houston, George Cook, Henry Lincoln Johnson, W. A. War- field and James A. Cobb.

C The African Progress Union of London, England, gave a public reception to Dr. W.

E. B. DuBois, September 29, at the Portman Rooms, Baker Street. Dr. John Alcindor presided.

C A pageant on the history of the Negro race called "The Open Door" will be given in New York City, November 22, at Car- negie Hall. It is for the benefit of Atlanta University.

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CELEBRATING THE BIRTH OF DESS ALINES IN HAITI 61

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THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF LABOR OF THE LEAGUE OF NA- TIONS 69

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DEPARTMENTS ALREADY ESTABLISHED

The Grammar School The Teacher Training Department

The Academy The Divinity School

The School of Artt andJIciencea The Commercial Department

The Department of Muiic\ The Department of Home Economic!

The^Department of Social Service

TERM OPENED SEPTEMBER 21, 1920

For farther information and Catalog, address

President James E. Shepard, Durham, North Carolina

STATE OF NEW JERSEY

Manual Training & Industrial School

FOR COLORED YOUTH

BORDENTOWN, N. J.

A hl|h Institution for tht training of colored youth. Excellent equipment, thorough Instruction, wholesome surroundings. Academic training for all students. Courses in carpentry, agriculture and trades for boys,

Including auto repairing. Courses in domestic science and domestic art for

girls. A new trades building, thoroughly equipped. New girls' dormitory thoroughly and medernly

equipped. Terms reasonable.

Fall term opens September IS, 1921. For Information address

7.\ R. VALENTINE, Principal

Wiley University

Marshall, Texas

Recognized as a college of first class by Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas and Okla- homa State Boards of Education. Har- vard, Boston University. University of Illinois and University of Chicago repre- sented on its faculty. One hundred twenty-seven in College Department, ses- sion 1910-1920. Several new buildings, steam heated and electric lighted.

M. W. DOGAN, President

LINCOLN UNIVERSITY

Pioneer in Collegiate and Theological Education

Lincoln Men are Leaders in the various professions in Forty States.

The College is ranked in Class I. by the American Medical Association.

Address :

John B. Kendall, D.D., Lincoln University, Chester County, Penna.

Cheyney Training School For Teachers

Cheyney, Pa.

Made in 1980 an accredited State Normal School, offering, in addition to the regular Normal Course of two years, professional three year courses in Home Economics and Shop Work. A diploma from any of these courses makes a graduate eligible to teach in the public schools of Pennsylvania. A three-year High School^ Course is offered to all who have com- pleted the eighth grammar grade. Send application now for fall term opening September

20th, 1921. For further particulars and catalog, write

LESLIE PnrCXXEY HILL, Principal, Cheyney, Pa.

THERE WILL BE NO SUMMER SCHOOL FOR 1921

Mention Thb Caisis,

THE CRISIS

Vol. 23. No. 2

DECEMBER, 1921

Whole No. 134

►uviorv

Q^\i/-E-&-D\ifboLf

PRESIDENT HARDING AND SOCIAL EQUALITY

OR fifty years we who, pro and con, have discussed the Negro Problem, have been skulking behind a phrase — "Social Equality." Today President Harding's speech, like sudden thun- der in blue skies, ends the hiding and drives us all into the clear light of truth.

We had our excuses perhaps in the past: about every problem of human relations lurks a penumbra of sha- dowing possibilities, which we would not discuss. It seems unnecessary, inappropriate, beside the point. And so defenders of the higher training of women have hestitated to explore sex freedom for females ; and lovers of democracy have declined to con- sider the possibility of the masses vot- ing their own wages. It is not that we have denied the ensuing problems that shadow our main object, but we have said with a certain truth : suffi- cient unto the present tangle is the obvious evil thereof. Let us follow the clear light and afterward turn to other darknesses.

But sometimes this becomes sud- denly impossible. Sometimes the so- considered minor problem is so tre- mendous and insistent that it leaps to the fore and demands examination and honest facing. This is particu- larly so when we have not simply ig- nored the problem but have deliber- ately and cynically lied about it, de- nied it, and said not that "Social Equality" was not a pertinent and

pressing problem ; but rather that it was no problem at all.

The Birmingham Speech A ND now comes President Har- ^*" ding's Birmingham speech when unwittingly or deliberately the Pres- ident brings the crisis. We may no longer dodge nor hesitate. We must all, black or white, Northerner or Southerner, stand in the light and speak plain words.

The President must not for a mo- ment be blamed because, when invit- ed to the semi-centennial of a great southern city of industry, he talked of the Negro instead of the results of profitable mining. There is but one subject in the South. The South- erners themselves can speak no other, think no other, act no other. The eternal and inevitable southern topic is and has been and will be the Black Man.

Moreover, the President laid down three theses with which no American can disagree without a degree of self- stultification almost inconceivable, namely:

1. The Negro must vote on the same terms that white folk vote.

-2. The Negro must be educated.

3. The Negro must have economic Justice.

The sensitive may note that the President qualified these demands somewhat, even dangerously, and yet they stand out so clearly in his speech that he must be credited with mean- ing to give them their real signifi- cance. And in this the President

53

54

THE CRISIS

made a braver, clearer utterance than Theodore Roosevelt ever dared to make or than William Taft or Wil- liam McKinley ever dreamed of. For this let us give him every ounce of credit he deserves.

Social Equality T> UT President Harding did not stop here. Indeed he did not be- gin here. Either because he had no adequate view of the end of the fatal path he was treading or because, in his desire to placate the white South, he was careless of consequences, he put first on his program of racial set- tlement a statement which could have been understood and was understood and we fear was intended to be un- derstood to pledge the nation, the Negro race and the world to a doc- trine so utterly inadmissible in the twentieth century, in a Republic of free citizens and in an age of Human- ity that one stands aghast at the mo- tives and the reasons for the pro- nouncement.

It may to some seem that this state- ment is overdrawn. Some puzzled persons may say: but Negroes them- selves have told me that they repudi- ate "Social Equality" and amalgama- tion of race ; in fact, right there at Birmingham, Negro applause of the President was audible.

All this does not minimize — rather it emphasizes the grave crisis precipi- tated by the President's speech. It emphasizes the fact of our mental skulking or transparent and deliber- ate dishonesty in dealing with the Negro.

Social equality may mean two things. The obvious and clear mean- ing is the right of a human being to accept companionship with his fel- low on terms of equal and reciprocal courtesy. In this sense the term is understood and defended by modern men. It has not been denied by any civilized man since the French Revo- lution. It is the foundation of de- mocracy and to bring it into being,

the world went through revolution, war, murder and hell.

But there is another narrow, stilt- ed and unreal meaning, that is some- times dragged from these words, namely: Social Equality is the right to demand private social companion- ship with another.

Or to put it more simply: the real meaning of "social equality" is eligi- bility to association with men, and the forced and illogical meaning is the right to demand private asso- ciation with any particular person. Such a demand as the latter is idiotic and was never made by any sane person ; while on the contrary, for any person to admit that his character is such that he is physically and moral- ly unfit to talk or travel or eat with his fellow-men, or that he has no de- sire to associate with decent people, would be an admission which none but a leper, a criminal or a liar could possibly make. It is the very essence of self respect and human equality and it carries with it no jot of arro- gance or assumption — it is simply Homo Sum.

Self -Deception T\ ESPITE this, for fifty years the Southern white man has said to the Negro: Do you mean to say that you consider yourself fit to associate with white people? And the Negro has answered ; but the question which he answered was not the one asked, but rather the other totally different question : Do you mean to say that you want to force your friendship and company on persons who do not want them? The answer to this is obviously an emphatic and indignant No. But when the Negro said No, he knew that he was not answering the question the white man intended to ask and the white man knew that the Negro knew this, and that he him- self had purposely asked a question of double and irreconcilable meaning, when he said, "Do you want Social Equality?"

OPINION

55

And so this undeceiving deception has gone on for fifty years until the President of the United States, throwing caution to the winds, has either boldly or unwittingly an- nounced as a national policy that "men of both races may well stand uncompromisingly against every sug- gestion of Social Equality."

Or in other words, that no man, no matter how civilized, decent or gifted he may be, shall be permitted to as- sociate with his fellow men on terms of equality or want to associate with them, if he be a Negro or of Negro descent.

Let us sweep away all quibbling: Let us assume that the President was sane and serious and could not and d;d not mean by "social equality" anything so inconceivable as the right of a man to invite himself to an- other man's dinner table. No. Mr. Harding meant that the American Negro must acknowledge that it was a wrong and a disgrace for Booker T. Washington to dine with Presi- dent Roosevelt !

The answer to this inconceivably dangerous and undemocratic demand must come with the unanimous ring of 12 million voices, enforced by the voice of every American who believes in Humanity.

Let us henceforward frankly ad- mit that which we hitherto have al- ways known ; that no system of social uplift which begins by denying the manhood of a man can end by giving him a free ballot, a real education and a just wage.

Race Equality ET us confess that the pseudo- science to which the President unhappily referred as authority, and the guilty philanthropy which has greedily levelled racial barriers and now seeks with the bloodstained hands of a Lugard to rearrange them so that profit may emerge and manhood be dammed — let us confess that all this is vain, wrong and hypo-

critical and that every honest soul today who seeks peace, disarmament and the uplift of all men must say with the Pan-African Congress :

"The absolute equality of races, — physical, political and social — is the founding stone of world peace and human advancement. No one denies great differences of gift, capacity and attainment among individuals of all races, but the voice of science, religion and practical politics is one in deny- ing the God-appointed existence of superior races, or of races naturally and inevitably and eternally infer- ior."

To deny this fact is to throw open the door of the world to a future of hatred, war and murder such as never yet has staggered a bowed and cruci- fied humanity. How can a man bring himself to conceive that the majority of mankind — Chinese, Japanese, In- dians and Negroes are going to stand up and acknowledge to the world that they are unfit to be men or to associ- ate with men, when they know they are men?

Amalgamation L> UT President Harding does not stop even here. He declares 'Racial amalgamation there cannot be."

What does the President mean?

Does he mean that the White and Negro races in this land never have mixed? There are by census reports over two million acknowledged mu- lattoes in the United States today; and without doubt there are, in fact, no less than four million persons with white and. Negro blood.

Does he mean that there is no amal- gamation today? Between 1850 and 1921 the mulattoes have increased over 400 per cent. Does he mean there will be no future amalgama- tion? How does he know?

Or does he mean that it would be better for Whites and Blacks not to amalgamate? If he meant that, why did he not say so plainly? And if he

56

THE CRISIS

had said so, 99 per cent of the Ne- groes would agree with him. We have not asked amalgamation; we have resisted it. It has been forced on us by brute strength, ignorance, poverty, degradation and fraud. It is the white race, roaming the world, that has left its trail of bastards and outraged women and then raised holy hands to heaven and deplored "race mixture." No, we are not demand- ing and do not want amalgamation, but the reasons are ours and not yours. It is not because we are un- worthy of intermarriage — either physically or mentally or morally. It is not because the mingling of races has not and will not bring mighty offspring in its Dumas and Pushkin and Coleridge-Taylor and Booker Washington. It is because no real men accept any alliance except on terms of absolute equal regard and because we are abundantly satisfied with our own race and blood. And at the same time we say and as free men must say that whenever two hu- man beings of any nation or race de- sire each other in marriage, the de- nial of their legal right to marry is not simply wrong — ;it is lewd.

Segregation and Race Pride

A ND this brings us to the last word of President Harding: He says in one breath :

Especially would I appeal to the self respect of the col- ored race. I would inculcate in it the wish to improve it- self as a distinct race with a heredity, a set of traditions, an array of aspira- tions all its own. Out of such racial ambitions and pride will come natural segregations.

The one thing we must sedulously avoid is the devel- opment of group and class organizations in this country. There has been a time when we heard too much about the labor vote, the busi- ness vote, the Irish vote, the Scandinav- ian vote, the Italian vote, and so on. But the demagogues who would array class against class and group against group have fortunately found little to re- ward their efforts.

Is the President calling himself a demagogue? Does he not realize the logical contradictions of his thought? Can he not see his failure to recog- nize the Universal in the Particular, the menace of all group exclusiveness and segregation in the forced segre- gation of American Negroes? Can he not in this day of days with for- eigners of every race flocking to Washington and the eyes of a blood- weary world strained after them — can he not realize the vast, the awful implications of this appeal to the Frankenstein of race exclu- siveness — that hateful thing which has murdered peace and culture and nations ? Does he not hear the answer that leaps to our lips? For when Warren Harding or any white man comes to teach Negroes pride of race, we answer that our pride is our busi- ness and not theirs, and a thing they would better fear rather than evoke : For the day that Black men love Black men simply because they are Black, is the day they will hate White men simply because they are White.

And then, God help us all !

CHAMOUNIX

DHAVE seen the League of Na- tions, the Federation of the World, sitting in a little upper room and stared at by report- ers, amidst streams of hopes and fears and of intrigues. After that I came to Chamounix — to cow bells and silence and trickle of waters. Above this world-on-end, lies the vast Thing of Snow, — silent, tremendous, a world apart, remembered and for- gotten ; a place of lights and shadows, unknown to earth. And of mists. I think the real marriage of earth and stars lies somehow in these mists. There is every preparation for it: the calm and pretty valley with its cows, with its homes, its little in- trigues and tragedies, its laughter and flowers. Then gradually and gravely uplifted, the pointing pines ; the fingers of the sullen, steadfast

OPINION

57

pines, pointing, always pointing. And then a space of lichen, leaf and brown gorse; and then a wide grey pause of utter rock, weirdly a waste, grim in its sense of age and strength. After that the snows, the white and blue and golden snows with their feet drabbled in the earth.

What more fitting approach to the stars, to the thoughts that lie beyond the world, enchained and hallowed? One sees this mirage of earth and skies as a mist, a grey and white un- certainty, where line and point drift, merge and dissolve into something that is just cloud and sky.

Last night in the rift of the world formed by the serried snow-broider- ed edge of the Alps, I saw the moon sailing in seas of sounds and tints of tawny green and hurrying waters ; without the narrow rift, lifted their heads, snows of clouds and clouds of snows, mountains real and moun- tains spiritual, clouds of mountains and mountains of clouds, until the world, the great soiled world, was a thing so beautiful, so rare, so still and sweet that life seemed all love and wonder. I could almost hear the sound of stars raining down upon Mont Blanc : the mist of the rain was moon shine there on the dim White Mountain, and the song of the sound of it was as the voice of death calling to the victorious. It was like white age above the brutal strength of youth; it was sweet childhood which is always apart and beyond the scar- red and moaning world. How singular is this ceaseless sound of waters, the dripping and dropping of snows, the roar of fallen mists, the dashing of clouds in the slow, grey and crumpled rivers of riven ice. And yet against the voice of the waters is the voice of the mountain ; it is the mountain audible, the song of snows, the color of space, the feeling of things with- out end. The mountain is unmove- able; day and day, night after night we have flown and whirled about it, changed to city after city and ridden

over hill and dale, resting and run- ning, yet the mountain is always there, pale and calm and motionless, curiously eternal.

If I lived here long I should pray to Mont Blanc, throwing my hands in ecstacy, screaming my tears. I should heap fire against it and vow gold and jewels. It should be God. For what else can God be but a Mountain or the Sea?

In that transforming miracle of the mountain and the mist there is always sinking to earth some solemn

58

THE CRISIS

singing as of things and of thoughts that rise above, beyond and athwart the heavy tongued earth and melt to something vaster and truer. It is midnight in the valley. I cannot sleep, for the mountain never sleeps and the moon tonight is widely awake. I sit and scribble and then ever and again creep to my window. The marvel of it, the sheer, inhuman perfectness of it all, the almost pain of its beauty and hurt of its joy! It is there still in the morning. The White Wraith has melted into the sky, throwing earthwards one long pale finger. Its feet are at the founding stones of the universe and its head is lost with the stars. Its thoughts are the thoughts of God. The world is grey and black with purple inter- ludes. The waters wail. At last the long shaft dies there from the top- most shoulder of the mighty hill and with its death the mist drops nearer to the black and burning earth. And always the pines point upward.

THE SERMON IN THE CRADLE

OW when Jesus was born in

Benin of Nigeria in the days

of English rule, behold, there

| came wise men from the

East to London.

Saying, Where is he that is born King of the Blacks? For we have seen his star in the east, and are come to worship him.

When the Prime Minister had heard these things, he was troubled, and all England with him.

And when he had gathered all the chief priests and scholars of the land together, he demanded of them where this new Christ should be born.

And they said unto him, in Benin of Nigeria: for thus it was written by the prophet :

And thou Benin, in the land of Nigeria, art not the least among the princes of Africa: for out of thee shall come a Governor, that shall rule my Negro people.

Then the Prime Minister, when he had privily called the wise men, inquired of them diligently what time the star appeared.

And he sent them to Benin, and said, "Go and search diligently for the young child; and when ye have found him, bring me word again, that I may come and worship him also."

When they had heard the Premier, they departed ; and lo, the star, which they saw in the east, went before them, till it came and stood over where the young child was.

When they saw the star, they re- joiced with exceeding great joy.

And when they were come into the house, they saw the young child with Mary his mother, and fell down, and worshipped him: and when they had opened their treasures, they pre- sented unto him gifts : gold and medicine and perfume.

And being warned of God in a dream that they should not return to England, they departed into their own country another way.

Save one, and he was black. And his own country was the country where he was; so the black Wise Man lingered by the cradle and the new-born babe.

The perfume of his gift rose and filled the house until through it and afar came the dim form of years and multitudes. And the child, seeing the multitudes, opened his mouth and taught them, saying:

Blessed are poor folks for they shall go to heaven.

Blessed are sad folks for someone will bring them joy.

Blessed are they that submit to hurts for they shall sometime own the world.

Blessed are they that truly want to do right for they shall get their ivish.

Blessed are those who do not seek revenge for vengeance will not seek them.

BUYERS OF DREAMS

59

Blessed are the pure for they shall see God.

Blessed are those who will not fight for they are God's children.

Blessed are those whom people like to injure for they shall sometime be happy.

Blessed are you, Black Folk, when men make fun of you and mob you and lie about you. Never mind and be glad for your day will surely come.

Always the world has ridiculed its better souls.

TO THE PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

(Address delivered by M. Jean Baugniet, in the name of the Inter- national Confederation of Students at Brussels, Belgium, Sept. 2, 1921.)

H I HE International Confedera- ! tion of Students would not want the second Pan-African I Congress to close without ex- tending fraternal greetings to the organizers and members of the Con- gress in session here.

It therefore takes this opportunity to express at this meeting its most sincere sympathy for the intelli- gentsia of the Negro race. At a mo- ment, and in a day when millions of Negroes are collaborating beyond the Atlantic and beyond the Sahara on the things of the mind, it is no longer possible to ignore them or to leave them ignored. We believe that one of the most sacred duties of the youth of our day is to assemble, re- gardless of prejudice of race or color, the intellectual forces of all nations in the hope of advancing toward a better future.

So it is with hearts of ardent hopefulness that we today greet Negro students and their leaders from across the sea. If their desire to know us is as strong as ours to know them, we shall assuredly suc- ceed in evolving a mutually beneficial understanding. Negro brothers, the International Confederation of Stu- dents extends to you its heartfelt sympathy.

BUYERS OF DREAMS

A Story

Ethel M. Caution

SPRING and Summer had passed with their promise and visions of life. Now came Autumn — glorious fulfillment. She painted her pathway with reds, and golds, and browns. Boughs that had once been showers of pink petals were now freighted with richly tinted fruits. Leaves to whom the wind had whispered shy little secrets covered the earth with their radiant hues, and as one trampled through them, the wonder and mystery crept up into one's very soul. If with Spring came restlessness and yearning, and with Summer thrills of experimenting, with Autumn came convic- tion and decision.

At this season of the year the Seller of Dreams was always very busy with folks wanting various and sundry dreams. So today he busied himself polishing his cases and placing his wares to the best advantage for inspection by Youth, Beauty, and Age

who would surely visit him. His whole shop was radiant and inviting with clean- ness.

And such dreams as he had! — marvelous things of costly price and others not so at- tractive and therefore to be bought for less. And because in the Autumn people usually paid highly for their purchases, the less expensive, ordinary little dreams were not given the place of honor.

It was early in the morning. The shop had scarcely been open when in came a dashing young lady needing a dream. She looked the wares over very carefully and asked prices. One that was all shining and daz- zling appealed to her but the price was rather more than she had thought of pay- ing.

"Here are some beautiful ones," said the shopkeeper.

"Oh, those!" answered the girl in disgust.

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THE CRISIS

"Well, of course, they are not as gorgeous as the ones you like."

The girl pondered and pursed her mouth and made little mental calculations on her fingers. Finally:

"If you will agree, I will pay you what I have with me now and you can put the dream aside. I will come with the rest later. Will that be all right?"

"Yes, I shall be glad to oblige you if you are sure that is the dream you wish."

"Oh, but it is! Just see how it shines! Everyone will turn to look because it is so beautiful."

She went away with a satisfied smile on her face.

A few hours later another girl came in, dignified and impressive in air, and asked to see the dreams.

The shopkeeper showed her the shiny beautiful ones; but she wanted something out of the ordinary, something that every- one didn't have. So he showed her some that were very unique, even peculiar.

"That's what I am looking for. I want a dream that will make me stand out as one in a thousand. There can be lots of gorgeous dreams and many drab ones, but very few people would think of taking one like I want. That is why I want it."

She paid for her dream and took it away.

Then trade lagged until nearly closing time, when a very plain little girl came in and quietly closed the door.

"What kind of dream would you like?" asked the keeper.

"Oh, I'll look around and see."

"I have some very lovely ones, but," eye- ing her plain clothes, "they are very expen- sive."

"It won't be a question of money. I have been saving and saving so that I would have enough for whatever dream I picked out."

"Do you like this one?" picking out the most gaudy one he had.

"No, no. That isn't a real dream. That is only a bubble. It costs a lot, but we can't always measure worth by cost. That dream is for the society butterfly. It means fine clothes, and expensive parties; late hours and breakfasts in bed; yachts and trips; perfume and paint; and in the end, emptiness and dissatisfaction."

"Then, maybe you would like this one. I sold one today."

"No, that is for the girl who wants a career. She wants a dream that means bringing the world to her feet for some wonderful bit of work she has cornered. She doesn't realize the emptiness of mere fame and of work done just for personal glory."

The shopkeeper noticed the wistful twist in her smile and discovered that when she looked him full in the face, there were golden lights in her deep brown eyes.

"I think I like that dream over there," she said, indicating a very inconspicuous one off in a corner.

"That looks like a real dream and I am glad it is not very expensive, because more girls can buy one. Let me show you how beautiful it is."

He handed it out to her and her eyes sparkled and there was a lilt in her voice as she held it up to the light and said:

"This dream means comradeship, and love, home and happiness. Can you not see the beautiful babies in it? See their laughing eyes, and the dimples in their hands and plump little knees. See them wriggle their toes and reach their little hands to love and caress your face! I wouldn't pay a penny for your flashy dreams. A pin prick, and they are no more. Neither do I want your dream of a career to end my life in loneliness and emptiness and bitterness. This is a dream I shall buy. Love, babies, life!"

And the shopkeeper decided that of the three, she had made the wisest choice.

WHAT EUROPE THOUGHT OF THE PAN- AFRICAN CONGRESS

Jessie Fauset

A CORRESPONDENT of a New York "*■ *■ newspaper speaks of the serious con- sideration which Europe gave to the sit-

tings of the Second Pan-African Congress. Judging from the amount of publicity re- ceived from the leading journals of the

CELEBRATING THE BIRTH OF DESSALINES IN HAITI

61

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THE CRISIS

world, this meeting impressed Europe in many ways. The London Christian World finds it most impressive in its personnel, its eloquence and its frankness:

"There has been a small, but very sig- nificant, group of Africans in London dur- ing the week-end. They hailed from Amer- ica and Africa, from Guiana and the West Indies, etc. They included barristers, jour- nalists, medical men, ministers, merchants and university students, and their purpose was to bring together men of Negro blood for mutual acquaintance and counsel with a view to envisage the Negro problem of the world as a whole, and to lay plans for the raising of the African by strictly con- stitutional means.

"Apart from representatives of a few missionary societies and other sympathiz- ers, it was entirely a colored man's Con- gress. Every white man present must have been amazed at the revelation of power and ability. Of course, there was eloquence; that goes without saying when the speakers are Negroes. But most Europeans must have envied some of the speakers' command of lucid English. In certain instances it was only eloquence ; but there was substance in most of the speeches and constructive suggestions in some. One could not fail to be impressed with the sense of potency and possibility. Friendliness was a marked fea- ture. Most of those present had never met before, yet one cannot recall a Congress in which it was easier for a sheer outsider to feel at home. There was courtesy and good- fellowship on every hand.

"The soul of the Congress was Dr. W. E. Burghardt DuBois, the author of the pas- sionate and amazing book 'Darkwater.'

"But Dr. DuBois is more than a personal force; he is significant of the new Negro. He does not tower as an isolated figure above his fellows. In the Congress there were men of eminence in many walks of life; a kind of Negro intelligentsia, all eager for the raising of their race. They were under no illusions with regard to Ne- groes. They freely criticized themselves, especially for their lack of cohesion. The impression grew on one that they were de- termined to make that sneer impossible for the future."

The Aberdeen, Scotland, Free Press thinks such a congress inevitable:

"The Pan-African Congress, which is

meeting in London this week, is a signifi- cant sign of the times. The educated Negro has become vocal. He has tasted some of the fruit of the tree of knowledge, and has been asking himself questions — questions, some of which even the white man may find it difficult to answer. The upheaval cre- ated by the war has been world-wide, and the wave of political unrest which swept over Europe and led to the downfall of ancient dynasties has been threatening the framework of African Society as well. The black man's mind — like the white man's creeds and philosophies — has been sorely shaken by the war. As General Smuts says, he is losing faith in the white man, in the white man's education, and the white man's religion. The educated native has heard of the principle of "self-determina- tion," and he is proceeding to apply it to his own case. He has heard of the League of Nations, and asks whether the Negro race is to be represented at the great San- hedrin of the Tribes."

The Paris Petit Parisien considers it ex- tremely fitting that the Congress should be held in Rue Blanche (White Street). Pierre Bonardi writes:

"These blacks who were holding their meetings in White Street gave the effect of a symbolism which was perfectly justified since the members of the Congress have taken upon themselves as their mission the establishment of an equality between the black race and the white race, an equality if not of color at least of values. This concern which they manifest proves, to start with, that the desired equality does not as yet exist, but the high personages who figure in this Congress gave proof by their very presence that some Africans have on the one hand attained to the very high- est degree of civilization, and that they would like, on the other hand, to make it evident that the Negro race is very near the intellectual level of other races."

According to the Paris Humanite, France had not suspected the existence of such a group of educated and thoughtful men and women of African descent:

"The black and mulatto intelligentsia which the Congress revealed or permitted us to know better, showed by its very exist- ence that the black race is not naturally or essentially an inferior race, and that it is not destined to remain so forever.

PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

63

"How can we consider inferior to white men these orators with their clear thought and their ready words; these audiences at once calm and attentive; these delegates, men and women representing strong organi- zations of tens, yes hundreds and thousands of members; that charming young woman who was the first colored aviatrix of Amer- ica?"

No less noted a personage than Sir Harry Johnston, African explorer and writer, re- marks in the London Observer:

"There has been meeting in London a Pan-African Congress, attended mainly by American Negroes or Americans with a greater or lesser degree of Negro blood in their composition. But there have also par- ticipated a few educated African Negroes and several men or women wholly of the white race. I, myself, had wished to be there to take part in one or two of the dis- cussions and to meet old friends and ac- quaintances from America who were deeply interested in the growing, intensifying prob- lems of the Negro race in the United States and in Africa."

The London African World shows that the spectators must have found the sessions well worth attending:

"Throughout the Pan-African Congress' sessions in London it was very wisely steered. Its meetings became more inter- esting and better attended as they contin- ued. All phases of Negro disability in Africa — West, East, North, and South — were touched. Extremes of speech were carefully tempered by succeeding speakers. These men all had something to say, and said it, for the most part excellently. Ideas for the future emerged. But always be- hind it all there was the resentment at the manner of treatment by the ruling white races whatever the Continent to which they belonged.

"The impressions of the Congress that remain in one's mind are the intense love of country and race, the boundless enthusi- asm, easily stirred into emotional display, the deep-rooted sense of grievance, the ef- fective manner in which many of the speak- ers marshalled their arguments, and the merriment that so easily bubbled at some of the humorous flicks at the ideas of Euro- peans."

Black men have something to contribute

to the world thinks the London Challenge:

"The Second Pan-African Congress, which has now concluded its sessions, is an event of the gravest import. The growth of a body of public opinion among peoples of Negro descent, broad enough to be called Pan-African, is one of the signs of the times, and while the leader of the Congress, Dr. DuBois, is miles removed from the in- flated ambitions and swaggering attitude of Mr. Marcus Garvey, he, too, stands for the development of a black race-consciousness opposing itself in pride and defiance to the whites. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, of which Dr. DuBois is secretary, is a sane organiza- tion which has already gained considerable influence and succeeded in defending the black man's rights all over the world. The Association has a claim upon the sympa- thy and help of every Christian, not only in view of the terrible recrudescence of lynch- ing and forced labor, but because the Afri- can race must be helped to make its valu- able contribution to the world's life and thought."

It is clear to the London Daily Graphic that these black men and women were proud of their cause:

"They were so intensely in earnest, both the men and women, so absolutely convinced of the justice of their cause, their right to a citizen's franchise, to representation in the world's councils, to everything, in fact, that civilized humanity offers to her sons, regardless of race, color and creed."

The London Public Opinion feels that the race has found itself and calls the Con- gress :

"A remarkable exhibition of race-con- sciousness and a revelation of the intellec- tual and moral development of the Negro."

The purpose of the Pan-African Congress is defined by the Paris edition of the New York Herald:

"The Pan-African Congress is not a scheme of migration either to Africa or elsewhere. It believes in the equality of men and races, but it seeks to realize this through education and opportunity and peri- odic conference.

"The question of the status of the Negro in modern society, the leaders declare, is no longer a domestic problem of the United States, or a parochial problem of Jamaica,

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THE CRISIS

or a Colonial problem. It is rather a great world-wide problem to be viewed and con- sidered as a whole."

The Paris Petit Parisien elaborates a lit- tle:

"To bring about the evolution of the black race which is scattered throughout the entire world, to obtain for it absolute equality with the white race from the po- litical, social and economic standpoint by means of development resulting from the education and the instruction which the former is to receive from the latter, to make it co-operate closely with the white race — such are the main ideas of the new Pan-African Congress which opened its ses- sions yesterday in the Hall of Civil Engi- neers and which was presided over by M. Diagne, Deputy and High Commissioner of black troops in France."

A note of selfish fear is sounded by the Paris Matin:

"What is the goal of the Pan-African movement?

"The liberation of the blacks. This is a legitimate goal and one which will be in- evitably attained. It will be attained the moment that the .men actually under the domination of the superior races will have learned how to know and to co-ordinate their own forces.

"We have seen what has been taking place in Japan. We shall learn perhaps to- morrow of the transforming of China and later — it is almost a certainty there will be a transformation of Africa. But what we want is that this movement which we our- selves have helped to create will not turn against us. We are willing to help in an evolution which we ourselves have prepared, but we do not hold with being the victims of a revolution.

"The Congress particularly desires that the problems raised by the contact of the black and white races be studied and made public."

The Reuter Press Agency reports of the last Paris meeting in the Westminster Ga- zette:

"The Congress concluded its sittings yes- terday with the adoption of a document ad- dressed to the world at large, in which the role of each of the colonizing Powers is ex- amined.

"The statement in question particularly

insists on the necessity of recognizing the equality of the races from both the physical, political and social points of view, and of the constitution, among the colonizing Pow- ers, under the aegis of the League of Na- tions, of an International Committee charged to study the problem raised by the evolution and protection of the Negro race."

France at least realizes that black as well as white people are divided into groups of extremists, of conservatives, of hare- brained schemers, of careful thinkers. The Paris Temps submits:

"It is the claims of the wiser group which must be studied. As was perfectly natural they turned towards the League of Nations and asked it to establish in its bureau a permanent organization charged with working toward the liberation of black peoples and founded on the principle of equality of races. The League of Nations can't do otherwise than give them some semblance of satisfaction by establishing a commission to which shall be entrusted the study of the question. But it will be prevented by the prejudices of many from proclaiming equality of races as was the case at the Peace Conference when President Wilson absolutely refused to rec- ognize it in the case of Japan. The road will be long for Negroes in the League of Nations toward the liberation, modest though it is, whose program they have elab- orated in their Congress. But there is noth- ing to keep us French from putting into immediate practice in our colonies some articles at least of this program to start with. There is one to which we certainly have no objections since indeed we have already adopted it for a good many years back, namely 'the recognition of civilized men as civilized, regardless of their race or color.'

"In the main the Negroes have asked us in their Congress to be treated as brothers, backward ones for the most part, to be in- structed and to be urged toward a higher social level, with good will and with respect for their race so far as its natural rights and its peculiar characteristics are con- cerned. They ask our friendly aid for ad- vance along a road to civilization. Such a request would never find the soul of our France hostile and we are unwilling to

PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

65

doubt that our Colonial ministers will not take time to go to Africa to make some inquiries into the best methods of granting their requests, for our colonies are not only territories for mines, cattle, agricultural products, they are, in addition and above all, men without whom our colonies would soon be sterile wastes, and we must have these men not against us but for us, not constrained by force but allied by their hearts."

To some the Congress is indicative of the approach of black -rule. The English Manchester Dispatch observes mournfully:

"The white races do not naturally look forward with joyful emotions to the day when a prolific black race will rule. We may salve our fears by pinning our faith to the mollifying effects of education, reli- gion, and civilization, but the time may come when we shall have to submit our- selves to the tender mercies of our dusky conquerors.

"A black leader observed in a speech the other day: 'We solemnly warn America that the patience of the colored peoples has its limits.'

"A possible precaution might be found in the provision of a black Palestine, a home of their own, in one of the more prom- ising lands of Africa."

The members of the Congress had to bat- tle with the obstacle common to all inter- national organizations — that of merging national differences into a racial blend. Pierre Bonardi notes in the Paris Petit Parisien:

"Each of these Negroes represents a men- tality which is not racial but which belongs to the particular milieu where he received his education. It will only be by concilia- tion and by the effacing of personalities that they will arrive at anything. If Ne- groes succeed in making one their different points of view, in effacing themselves in the interest of their brothers despite their personal ambitions, we shall have to admit that they will have given an unexpected example to the whites who even then will hardly be able to follow it.

"The blacks of Africa certainly have valuable defenders in their brothers who hail from the rest of the world. Every- thing that we have heard at these meetings proves it."

But there was unity, and, according to the London West Africa, that was the most significant feature of the Congress:

"The fact that so many people could gather, at great expense, from remote places, and disregarding the point that they are nationals of this Power or that, could unite on the vital matter of common griev- ances alleged to be suffered _ solely on ac- count of race, and could speak with such a sense of sincerity and responsibility, is a fact which cannot lightly be passed over. We make no pretense of agreeing with everything in the speeches and resolutions. Probably no single member of the gather- ing differs from us on that point. But, on the whole, the speakers impress one with a sense of their earnestness, their willingness to abide the issue if given equality of op- portunity, and their resolve to work for civil and political freedom within the limits of the Constitutions of their countries."

In Brussels indeed there was, however, a serious clash between American and British Negroes on the one hand, and French and Belgian Negroes on the other, with regard to the adoption of the resolutions which had been passed unanimously at London. The Americans and British gave in partly be- cause there was a chance for the resolutions to come up again at the final session in Paris, but still more because they realized that unity between the different black groups was the supreme necessity of the organization. But the bad faith of the French presiding officer, M. Diagne, did not pass unnoticed. Says the London Afri- can World:

"The reason of these strenuous American and British efforts to have the London declaration endorsed by the Brussels Con- gress was, unquestionably, 'the resentment at the manner of treatment by the ruling white races' — to quote an expression ir. your last week's 'Impressions of the Meet- ings at Westminster' — a resentment frc quently ventilated during the Congress, and notably by Mr. DuBois.

"After some three hours' fierce struggle concerning the refusal by Mr. Diagne (chairman of the Congress) to submit the London declaration to a vote of Congress, this distinguished Senegalese proposed the vote of the Otlet (Belgian) and of the de Magalhaes (Portuguese) motions, motions

66

THE CRISIS

asking the creation in each colonial nation of an institution of scientific research, con- cerning the development of the Negroes, in- stitutes of which the works should be cen- tralized by an international body.

"These motions voted by M. Diagne and his supporters were proclaimed by him, adopted by the Congress, whilst, in fact, this was not the case, the American and British Negroes (the majority of the Con- gress) not having voted for it."

Sometimes a note was sounded which brought back a protest from white audi- tors. Brussels was peculiarly sensitive. Says L'Echo de la Bourse:

"A Negro doctor, former deputy in the Portuguese Parliament, declared the policy of spoliation and of oppression must give way to a policy of co-operation. He de- clared also the right of the black race to rise as well as the others, a thing more- over which it was in process of doing, and, he added, since the colonies in the heart of Africa are not adapted to white civiliza- tion, it is in the interest of the whites to have healthy and well instructed workers there. It was necessary, he said, that col- onization, which up to this time was carried on for the profit of the white man, should also be made profitable to the black man, and 'if you are not willing to co-operate in our advance, we shall advance just the same without you and in spite of you.' This was the one note of violence which was heard, but we must take account of the circumstances and must remember that the Portuguese Congo was one of the main countries where slaves were procured and that at this very moment they are still searching for laborers for San Thome, an island, which is a veritable charnel-house for Negroes."

One striking instance of the growing feeling of kinship between all the dark races was that an East Indian (Mr. Varma) spoke in the interest of East Africa. The London African World reports :

"Mr. Varma stated that the Africans of East Africa had delegated him to represent their grievances before the Colonial Office and any societies. On the basis that Euro- peans in Kenya had argued that to permit Indians to have the vote would be to injure the rights of the natives, he said that the Likipia reserve transfer, the eighty-four

days' forced labor — which he called the 'back to slavery' policy — the suggested reduction of natives' wages from six rupees a month, the vote for education for the children of 3,000,000 natives of one-fifth of the sum allocated to the children of 9,000 Euro- peans, showed how Europeans safeguarded the rights of natives. If the Congress wanted to watch the interests of Africans in East Africa, he said, now was the time to do it."

The American delegates, according to the Scottish Glasgow Herald, did not always confine themselves to the sufferings of American Negroes — there was also progress to be reported:

"Miss Fauset, of Philadelphia, literary editor of The Crisis, spoke on the subject of the colored women in America, who, she said, had been a great moving force behind all the movements for emancipation. Col- ored women had taken up social work in the great cities of America, and were res- cuing many girls who came into the cities from other parts, and who, through their ignorance, might otherwise be exploited. Colored women were everywhere branching out into every field of activity in the pro- fessions and in business. She asked the African delegates to carry a message of friendship and encouragement to Africr.n women from the colored women of Amer- ica."

The London Times gives a very fair idea of the program in Brussels:

"Mme. Curtis dealt with the state of af- fairs in Liberia. The president of the Con- gress, M. Diagne, pointed out the signifi- cance of the fact that Liberia is included among the signatories to the Treaty of Ver- sailles. He declared that the Entente had specifically recognized the equality of the white and colored races by admitting a Negro representative to the negotiations.

"M. Barthelemy, Deputy for Arras, laid stress upon the necessity for sending more doctors, teachers, and missionaries to the colonies, and fewer officials. Miss Fauset described the progress made in America by the establishment of schools for colored peo- ple. M. Panda, a delegate from the Bel- gian Congo, protested against the calumnies published in the German press concerning the black troops belonging to the Army of Occupation in Germany.

PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

67

"After the session had ended an 'African Room' for Colonial exhibits was opened in the World Palace."

All the newspapers wrote at length on Dr. DuBois, who was generally recognized as the moving spirit of the Congress. The correspondent of the London Challenge writes :

"The question that was most frequently asked by visitors to the Congress was whether Dr. DuBois agreed with the flam- boyant and threatening 'All-Black' policy of Mr. Marcus Garvey. He told me that, while he was in accord with Garvey's main aspiration, he repudiated his methods, which, he thought, were lacking in plain sense, and he questioned the soundness of his financial enterprises."

The Belgian Echo de la Bourse thinks General Smuts would choose his words care- fully in the presence of the American lead- er:

"Dr. DuBois, head of the American dele- gation, is an intellectual of mark. He gave us an exact account of the lamentable con- ditions throughout the world.

"General Smuts would never dare declare in the presence of Dr. DuBois as he did in the presence of the London correspondent of the Belgian Star and of The Neptune, that we would do well to send our colonial officials to stay a while in South Africa in order to learn how to treat black people.

"Whether or not you like M. Burghardt DuBois, whether or not you agree with his program, you have to bow to his brilliant in- tellect and his devotion to the black race."

Speaking of the resolutions drawn up by Dr. DuBois and presented at all three sit- tings of the Congress, Felicien Challaye, delegate from the Bureau International pour la Defense des Indigenes, says in Les Cahiers :

"Such is the program developed by M. DuBois. It seems to me to take into account all the realities and all the possibilities, to present that mingling of realism and of idealism which characterizes great political thought."

The Belgian Independance Beige apolo- gizes for the indifference of the whites to- ward the affairs of the black world:

"The session (of the Pan-African Con- gress) has caused no little surprise. It has even given rise to some erroneous interpre- tations. We know so little of the black

world outside of that of the African colo- nial, in our political preoccupation, it holds certainly less place than that of the Mus- sulmans who are near at hand or that of the more distant Oriental. However 'geo- centric' we may be in our conception of the physical world, we remain 'white centric' with regard to the human societies which live on our planet.

"A parallel between the progress wrought since emancipation by the blacks of the United States and the serfs of Russia (lib- erated two years earlier) points to an ad- vance more than twice as great on the part of the Negroes from the economic as well as the intellectual point of view and what has taken place in the United States has also taken place in the Antilles and in many a South American state."

Even France, the much-vaunted friend of the blacks, is not entirely blameless. M. Challaye says frankly in Les Cahiers, which is the official organ of the "Societe Des Droits de L'Homme," the organization that freed Dreyfus:

"It is true that a black elite is, in France, given equal treatment, but the mass of na- tives in the colonies of France as well as in those of the other powers is too often subjected to a regime of tyranny and of spoliation. I personally recalled to the Pan- African Congress the plight of the na- tives of the French Congo ever since the time the regime of the great concessionary companies had been imposed upon them."

It is pleasant to realize that these dele- gates in the midst of their warfare for right and justice took advantage of this oc- casion to honor the dead. The London African World says of their stay in Paris:

"Between the afternoon and evening ses- sions a wreath was placed by the delegates on the grave of the unknown French sol- dier buried under the Arch of Triumph — a beautiful and impressive ceremony."

So the Second Pan-African Congress came to an impressive end. It made plain to the world not only what it thought of the members of its own race, but pretty plainly what it thought of the members of others. The London Punch points it out shrewdly :

" 'no eternally inferior races'

"Headlines in The Times.

"No, but in the opinion of our colored brothers, some infernally superior ones."

110 DELEGATES TO THE PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS BY COUNTRIES

United States of America - R. P. Sims, Bluefield, W. Va.

West Virginia Teachers' Association. H. A. Hunt, Fort Valley, Ga.,

Ga. Ass'n Advancement Negro Education. G. R. Hutto, Bainbridge, Ga.,

Knights of Pythias. Mrs. A. E. Hutto. P. F. Haynes, St. Joseph, Mo.,

Odd Fellows. Dr. Henry R. Butler, Atlanta, Ga.,

Ancient Free Masons. H. R. Butler, Jr., Atlanta, Ga., Mrs. Viola Hart Felton, Americus, Ga.,

Eastern Star. Lydia G. Brown, Washington, D. C,

Dunbar High School. Florence Kelley, New York City,

N. A. A. C. P. Rev. W. H. Jernagin, Washington, D. C.

National Race Congress of America. Jessie Fauset, New York City,

Delta Sigma Theta Sorority. William S. Nelson, New York City,

Omega Psi Phi Fraternity. Dr. A. Wilberforce Williams, Chicago, 111.,

Chicago Defender Pub. Co. Bishop C. H. Phillips, Nashville, Tenn.,

C. M. E. Church. Bishop John Hurst, Baltimore, Md.,

A. M. E. Church. Mrs. John Hurst. Dr. R. T. Brown, Birmingham, Ala.,

C. M. E. Church. Dr. C. H. Phillips, Jr., St. Louis, Mo.,

Missouri Negro Republican League Club. Mrs. C. H. Phillips, Jr. Mrs. H. R. Butler, Atlanta, Ga.,

Colored Parent-Teachers' Association. Miss Lavinia Black, New York City. Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Spingarn,

N. A. A. C. P. C. H. Tobias, New York City,

International Committee, Y. M. C. A.

Bishop Cary and Mrs. Cary, Chicago, 111.

A. M. E. Church. Mrs. French, St. Louis, Mo. R. R. Wright, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.,

A. M. E. Church. Capt. and Mrs. N. B. Marshall, Walter F. White, New York City,

N. A. A. C. P Dr. W. E. B. DuBois, New York City,

N. A. A. C. P.

England Dr. John Alcindor and wife Alice Werner George Lattimore Ruth Fisher Dr. F. Hoggan Robert Broadhurst Mrs. Fisher Unwin J. R. Archer, ex-Mayor of Battersea Roland Hayes Rev. Mr. A. M. Chirgwin Rev. Mr. Frank Lenwood

France Deputy Barthelemy Felicien Challaye Mrs. Ida Gibbs Hunt Senateur Aubert Dr. George Jackson Rayford Logan Mme. L. Chapoteau Mrs. Charles Young

Belgium Paul Otlet General Gillain Jean Baugniet Senateur La Fontaine

Belgian Congo Paul Panda

Members of Union Congolaise (18) Madame Sorolea

Sierra Leone Mr. Sutton Dr. Ojo Olaribigbe Rev. Mr. E. G. Granville

GROUPS REPRESENTED AT THE SECOND PAN-AFRICAN CONGRESS

68

LEAGUE OF NATIONS

69

Gratien Candace Isaac Beton

Dr. Vitellian

Guadeloupe

Abyssinia India

Mr. Saklatvala '

Mr. Judhava I. Ghous

Portuguese Africa (5 provinces) Nicolas de Santos-Pinto, of the Liga Africana.

Portugal Jose de Magalhaes, President of the Liga Africana

Morocco Mr. Arnold

Spain General Luis Sorelas

Denmark Edward F. Frazier

Madagascar Jean Razaief

Haiti Dantes Bellegarde Villius Gervais

Grenada Albert Marryshow

Jamaica Nathan S. Russell

British Guiana

Mr. Callender

Southern Nigeria Ibidunni Morondipe Obadende Dr. Peter Thomas

South Africa Mrs. Davis Mr. and Mrs. John L. Dube, representing Natal.

Senegal Blaise Diagne

Liberia Liberian Consul to Brussels Mrs. Helen Curtis

East Africa Norman Leys Mr. Banda V. S. Varma

Gold Coast J. Eldred Taylor W. T. Hutchinson

Nigeria Rev. W. B. Mark

Other persons were present from Swaziland, Jamaica, Martinique, French Congo, Trinidad, the Philippines and Liberia; and in addition to these tkere were at least 1,000 visitors.

THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAU OF LABOR OF THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS

Sir:

T HAVE the honor to acknowledge the re- ■*■ ceipt of a copy of the address to the League of Nations, voted for by the Sec- ond Pan-African Congress, which met in London, Brussels and Paris, the 28th, 29th and 31st of August and the 2nd, 3rd, 5th and 6th of September, 1921, a copy which you were kind enough to send me on the 15th of last September through the Inter- national Bureau for the Defense of Na- tives.

This address contains the following reso- lution which is of special interest to the International Bureau of Labor. "The sec- ond Pan-African Congress asks that in the International Bureau of Labor a section be set aside to deal particularly and in de- tail with the conditions and needs of native labor, especially in Africa and elsewhere. This Congress earnestly believes that the labor problems of the world can never be understood or completely solved so long as colored, and especially black, labor is en- slaved and neglected. The Congress be- lieves furthermore that the first step to- ward the emancipation of labor through- out the world would be the organization of a thorough investigation into native la- bor."

1 learned of this resolution with the ut- most interest because it set before the In-

ternational Bureau of Labor the entire problem of the protection of native labor- ers and especially of Negro laborers. This matter of protection indeed has been one of the principal preoccupations of this in- stitution ever since its inception.

The International Bureau of Labor has always considered it its duty to protect la- borers without making any race distinction and indeed that its protection ought to ex- tend especially to those men who are sub- jected to the most inhuman conditions of labor, as is the case of a large number of native peoples, particularly of black peo- ples. The principle of the equality of races in the matter of protection which it pretends to afford laborers is with the In- ternational Bureau of Labor a first princi- ple. In proof of this see the preamble and article 427 of part 13 of the Peace Treaty.

Although it is true that in this matter as in many others the International Bureau of Labor can interfere only with the great- est difficulty because of the difficulties pre- sented by the very diversity of the govern- ing nations, and although, in general, it has no other weapon than recourse to public opinion, still the International Bureau of Labor is not entirely without some means of protecting native labor.

The first of these is revealed in article

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THE CRISIS

421 of the Peace Treaty, the tenor of which is as follows:

"The members promise to put into prac- tice the agreements (covenants, articles, etc.) of which they shall have approved, conformably to the stipulations of the pres- ent part of the present treaty, to those of their colonies or possessions, and to those of their protectorates which have not com- plete self-government, with the following reservations :

1. That the agreement should not be ren- dered inapplicable by local conditions.

2. That the modifications necessary to adapt the agreement to local conditions shall be introduced into the latter (the agreement) .

Each of the members will have to notify the International Bureau of Labor of the decision which it proposes to make with re- gard to each of its colonies or possessions or its protectorates which does not have complete self-government."

On that day six members ratified, com- pletely or in part, the Agreements of the Washington Conference, namely: Finland, Great Britain, Greece, India, Roumania and Czecho-Slovakia

In accordance with article 408 of this same Treaty, the International Bureau of Labor has sent to the British government a formula for an annual report, inviting it (the British government) to make known the measures taken or envisaged by it for putting into execution one of the agree- ments which, it had already ratified ....

But native labor should be protected not only in the colonies or protectorates of the nations possessing colonies, but also among the people who are to comply, according to the Peace Treaty, with the regime of the Mandates.

Here again the International Bureau of Labor obtained through the organ of the International Bureau of Labor, through negotiations with the League of Nations (an account of which you will find in the copy of the Official Bulletin which I am sending with this letter), the right to be represented by an expert of its choosing in the permanent Commission of Mandates es- tablished by article 22 in the Peace Treaty.

Thanks to this representation, the Inter- national Bureau of Labor will have also under its jurisdiction the whole ensemble

of the laboring world; and native peoples, even those suffering from the most inhuman treatment, may have the certainty of being protected.

The resolution which you sent me shows that the second Pan-African Congress has completely realized that the first step in bringing about the gradual emancipation of native labor is to keep public opin'on in- formed by a meticulous system of presenta- tion of the actual conditions which control this labor at the present time, not only in the colonies and protectorates of the Euro- pean nations, but also in the territories placed according to the regime of the Man- dates under the tutelage of the League of Nations. The resolution also points out the means of carrying on this inquiry continu- ously, namely, the establishment in the In- ternational Bureau of Labor of a section whose special duty shall be the detailed con- sideration of the conditions and needs of native laborers in Africa and elsewhere.

I am dwelling on this interesting sugges- tion all the more because for some months past I myself have been trying to bring it to fruition. I have had to renounce this project temporarily for lack of a sufficiently large personnel. Today re-established in my intention through the resolution of the Pan-African Congress, I am going to take up the idea again and try in the near fu- ture to establish a section of Native Labor. Naturally the budget at my disposal is still limited and the section cannot have at its inception a complete development. Never- theless, I am sure that eventually I shall be able to extend its limits to meet the really considerable task which it will have to han- dle. At present an official of the Scientific Division is going to be charged with fol- lowing up the conditions of native, and particularly of Negro labor. I will let you know at some future date the name of this official who furthermore will be in- structed to establish relations between the International Bureau of Labor and you on the one hand, and with the International Bureau for the Defense of Aborigines on the other.

I shall take great pleasure in seeing these relations develop into a closely welded, re- liable and cordial collaboration and it is in that hope that I am extending to you the assurance of my complete regard.

Albert Thomas.

National * Association • for • (he • - Advancement of- Colored.- People

A FEDERAL ANTI-LYNCHING BILL!

HPHE ten-year fight of the N. A. A. C. P., *• for a Federal Anti-lynching bill, has reached its most successful and most critical point. On October 20, the Committee on the Judiciary of the House of Representa- tives reported out favorably the Dyer Anti- lynching bill H. R. 13. This action was taken after the bill had been amended and approved by the Attorney-General, remov- ing some of the defects which might have caused it to be attacked on constitutional grounds after its passage.

The fight has reached the stage where we must bring to bear every possible bit of pressure on Congress as a whole and on individual Congressmen to force action im- mediately and favorably on this necessary legislation. The National Office of the N. A. A. C. P., through its four hundred branches and through other organizations, is seeking to have thousands of telegrams and letters pour in upon Congress to show the nationwide sentiment behind the bill^ which is demanding its passage by Congress. Every Negro in America and every white person who is opposed to the crime of lynch- ing should immediately send a telegram to his or her representative. Letters are valu- able, but telegrams are more impressive. We must let Congress know that the failure to pass the Dyer bill will be regarded as a betrayal. We must let every representative in Congress know that a vote against the Dyer bill is a vote in favor of lynching.

Act now! Send a telegram today! Urge your friends to do the same! Be sure to mention the bill by name and by number! With our united strength we can cause the Dyer bill to be made a law and thus end mob rule in America !

As we go to press we hear that Henry Lincoln Johnson and Perry W. Howard have drafted amendments to the Dyer bill which will ruin its effectiveness. Demand the unamended Dyer bill.

ANNUALiMEETING

HpHE Annual Meeting of the National As- -"- sociation for the Advancement of Col- ored People will be held in the East Room of the Sage Foundation, 130 East Twenty- second Street, New <